Essay on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Economies of scale Essays

Economies of scale Essays Economies of scale Essay Economies of scale Essay As can be seen from the data above Granada has been losing cash as of late, with a negative net benefit (I 132), this implies it has no overall revenue, and a negative profit for capital utilized (- 7. 3%). Increasingly itemized data on Granada and current exchanging and prospects can be found in the reference section. Both of these two organizations have made enormous misfortunes as of late, yet Carlton has experienced the bigger misfortunes, Carltons overal deficit was I 156 million contrasted with lost I 132 million for Granada. Carlton additionally has a much lower return on capital utilized, in spite of the fact that the two of them have a negative ROCE, Carltons is far lower than Granadas. Both of these organizations have been losing cash, and this gives them a motivator to consolidate, and to endeavor to cut their misfortunes by profiting by economies of scale. Economies of scale Economies of scale are the reasons why the normal expense of creation may fall with an expanding level of yield. I accept that if Carlton and Granada combine they will make one bigger organization which will profit more from specific economies of scale. Carlton and Granada accept that however economies of scale they ought to have the option to spare I 35 million for every annum. * In the index, there is an article titled Advertisers caution on ITV merger, in this it is expressed by the head of communicate at Media Planning Group that the merger will give economies of scale, this is free, fair proof that the merger will give economies of scale. The most significant economies of scale as I would see it are: Financial economies of scale permit bigger organizations to acquire cash for development simpler and less expensive. On the off chance that Carlton and Granada consolidated they would make one a lot bigger business. This bigger business would along these lines profit by budgetary economies of scale, the consolidated organization would think that its a lot simpler to get or acquire cash for new pursuits of development plans. Administrative economies of scale happen when a business develops sufficiently enormous to designate experts to its supervisory crew. Both of these organizations are now huge enough to profit by this economy of scale, anyway they would profit by it significantly more if they somehow happened to consolidate. The blended business would be considerably more proficiently oversaw and would in this way set aside cash. This is one of the most significant economies of scale since it will imply that the blended gathering would have one consolidated and concentrated administrative group. Showcasing economies of scale happen when the expenses of promoting can be spread over a bigger yield. Both of these organizations produce TV and film content. If they somehow managed to consolidate their yield would be greater, hence they would profit more from this economy of scale, it is simpler to create new items, promoting rates would be lower, and mass circulation would cut down the expenses of conveyance. This is another significant economy of scale for these two organizations since the two of them have huge yields, and if they somehow managed to combine it would reduce numerous expenses and would assist them with producing new TV content less expensive and all the more adequately. The bigger business that Carlton and Granada would make by combining would profit by innovative work economies of scale. It would be a lot simpler to make new TV programs, and on the off chance that any of their endeavors ought to fizzle, at that point the bigger business would be progressively ready to adapt to the misfortune since it will have different ventures that will succeed, the dangers have been spread. A case of this is Carlton and Granadas as of late bombed joint endeavor ITV computerized. This endeavor was a disappointment which cost both of these organizations a great deal of cash. On the off chance that they were one organization, while managing this emergency they would have thought that it was simpler to adapt to in light of the fact that mutually they would have progressively other effective tasks running. Diseconomies of scale Diseconomies of scale are something contrary to economies of scale. Some of the time an expanded yield won't bring about lower expenses of creation per unit however greater expenses. Diseconomies for the most part happen when a business has become so huge that it is not, at this point very much oversaw. Diseconomies generally happen as a result of a breakdown of correspondence. In an enormous business it is frequently difficult for the laborers to discover who they should converse with about any issues they may experience. This will regularly bring about questions among the board and representatives and the workers may feel less roused to buckle down. I don't accept that if Carlton and Granada were to combine they would experience the ill effects of any of these diseconomies of scale. This is in such a case that anything the laborers will turn out to be nearer to the administration because of this merger on the grounds that the combined gathering ought to be all the more proficiently managed1**by better channels of interchanges between the two past organizations and decentralization which will carry choices closer to the individuals that they influence. Partners outside the organizations The primary partner bunch outside the two firms are the watchers at home. Watchers should profit by better TV programs. As per the article titled QA: ITV merger found in the reference section: The merger is proposed to let loose more cash to blast through the timetables since better projects get more watchers, which acquires more cash from sponsors. An official statement distributed by the sheets of Carlton and Granada says that: Viewers will profit by upgraded programming venture structured further to improve quality and decision. 1* Opinion is consistent on the way that the merger should bring better projects for watchers, which gives a positive externality, and a valid justification for the merger to proceed.

Ancient History Of Chinese Math Example

Ancient History Of Chinese Math Example Ancient History Of Chinese Math â€" Assignment Example > 10/03/08IntroductionThere are ancient drawings that indicate the knowledge of measurement and mathematics of ancient time which is based on the stars. Early attempts to quantify time have been found in various places in the world. For example, ochre rocks found in a cave in South Africa which date back to 70,000 B. C show some form of geometric patterns. Early counting has also been thought to have started with the women who kept the record of their biological functions. The knowledge of the Babylonian mathematics comes from clay tablets unearthed in 1850's. They were written in Cuneiform and the tablets were inscribed while the clay was still moist. Ancient Sumerian’s give us the evidence of written mathematics. The Sumerian's contributed greatly in building the ancient civilization in Mesopotamia. The purpose of the essay will be to explore the rise and development of ancient Chinese mathematics, its relations with the Egyptian, Greeks and the Islamic mathematics. In addition the essay will also focus on the benefit of ancient Chinese mathematics and why it was needed. The essay will have several subheadings or sections and it will also have a summary or conclusions of the whole argument at the end. Ancient Chinese MathematicsIn China mathematics emerged independently by 11th century B. C. Simple mathematics concepts which were inscribed in tortoise shells date back to the Shang Dynasty. The oldest surviving mathematical concepts and works is the I Ching. This influenced written literature to a larger extent during the reign of the Zhou Dynasty. The ancient Chinese mathematicians developed large negative numbers, a binary system, a decimal system geometry, calculus and decimals. Most scholars have held believe that ancient Chinese mathematics developed independently until the time when the nine chapters were completed. Various discoveries suggest that ancient Chinese mathematics predate the western mathematics. Pythagorean Theorem which is also called t he Pythagoras theorem is a good example of Chinese mathematics that predates the western mathematics. Controversy has ensued about the presence of such knowledge in China although evidence of Pythagorean science have been discovered in the oldest Classical Chinese texts called the King Wen sequence. This was a series of about sixty four binary figures which made a hexagram. Each comprised of 6 lines broken (yin) or unbroken (yang). This evidence show that the knowledge of Pythagoras theorem existed in ancient China. The ancient Chinese people were one of the most advanced mathematicians who created enormous numbers and mathematical computations. The evidence of the knowledge of Pascal triangle also existed in China long before the Pascal himself came up with the idea on the same. The focus was mostly on astronomy and making the calendar perfect and they were not so much concerned on establishing the proof. The oldest geometrical work in China came from the Mohist canon philosophy o f 330 B. C. This was compiled by the followers of Mozi in 470-390 B. C. This philosophy provided a wealth of information on mathematics and gave the atomic definition of a geometric point. It stated that a line is divided into several parts and that the line with no remaining parts can not be divided into other smaller parts. It also stated that the extreme end of the line was made up of a point. The Mo jing further explained that a point is the smallest unit and it can not be cut into halves since it is impossible to halve nothing. He also offered definitions of and comparison of parallels and lengths and explained that two lines of equal length always finish at the same place. The ancient Chinese geometrical mathematics also gave the fact that planes without the quality of thickness could not be piled up since they can not touch mutually. The Mo jing also gave several definitions of diameter, circumference, radius and volume. The nine chapters on mathematical Art is an ancient Ch inese mathematics book that is composed of generations of scholars in the 2nd and 1st centuries. The book laid down an approach to mathematics that centered on finding general methods of solving problems. The contents of the nine chapters include the following, Fang tian or the rectangular fields. In this chapter the work of finding the areas of various shapes and fields and manipulation of the vulgar fractions are found. The su mi chapter explains the pricing mode of different commodities and rice and millet were taken as the exchange commodities. Cui fen chapter explains the proportionality concepts. This includes the distribution of money and commodities at proportional rates. The Shao guang chapter describes extraction of cube roots and squares. The determination of volume of circles and sphere as well as the division by mixed numbers are also found in this chapter. The Shang gong chapter gave light into the determination of volumes of solids in various shapes. The Jun shu cha pter gives the light into solving problems on equitable taxation. The Ying bu zu chapter helped in solving linear problems. This chapter was later developed in the west and gave rise to the principle known as the rule of false position. The eighth chapter was the Fang cheng which provided an explanation into solving problems with several unknowns. This was later solved using similar principle in the west called the Gaussian elimination (Burton, 1997). The Gou gu chapter gave the principle of solving problem regarding base and altitude. The ancient mathematics in China was very important especially in construction. It was also used in astronomy field. The right angled triangles and the Pythagoras theorem were very important and prominent in Chinese writing. These were both in practical science and mathematical treatises. They grasped a lot of principles regarding the right-angled triangle and applied these principles to practical problems. In the later development of mathematics in China the Chinese performed calculations using very small bamboo counting rods. This led to the emergence and use of the rod numerals as well as a positioning system for writing numbers. The three main mathematicians were Zhen Luan in the 6th century, Li Chunfeng in the 7th century and Zhao Shang in the 3rd century. The original texts written by the three mathematicians were basic and had complex computations which were without any indications on how to solve problems. The Zhao bi used the knowledge of right angled triangles in order to explain the astronomy. His knowledge was also taken to offer the most ancient proof of Pythagoras theorem although this was refuted by many mathematicians. The Zhou bi astronomy followed the gai tian cosmology that stated that the heavens rotated above the earth since the earth is a flat plane. With this idea the sun’s height could be calculated using the gnomonic or the bi and its shadow. The idea of the shadow principle stated that for every 1 000 li located away from the shadow spot the eight chi gnomon shadow increased by one cun. Early illustration of similarity of two triangles was also done by the Chinese (Cooke, 1997).

Abortion - 1572 Words

Abortion Fact #1: Every abortion kills an innocent human being. Every new life begins at conception. This is an irrefutable fact of biology. It is true for animals and true for humans. When considered alongside the law of biogenesis – that every species reproduces after its own kind – we can draw only one conclusion in regard to abortion: every single abortion ends the life of an innocent human being. Fact #2: Every human being is a person. Personhood is properly defined by membership in the human species, not by stage of development within that species. A living beings designation to a species is determined not by the stage of development but by the sum total of its biological characteristics. Fact†¦show more content†¦Being personally against abortion but favoring anothers right to abortion is self-contradictory and morally baffling. Fact #10: If there is uncertainty about when human life begins, the benefit of the doubt should go to preserving life. It is a scientific fact that life begins at conception. However, if one personally has even a shred of uncertainty about when life begins, then they are still morally obligated to err on the side of life and NOT have an abortion. Why? Because to make a mistake about the exact time when life begins is to kill an innocent human being. Fact #11: Abortion is more dangerous than childbirth. Not only does every abortion kill an innocent human being in the womb; but abortion is also more dangerous to the mother than if she were to give birth to the child. The evidence overwhelmingly proves that the morbidity and mortality rates of legal abortion are several times higher than that for carrying a pregnancy to term. Fact #12: Prior to abortions legalization, 90% of abortions were done by doctors, not by coat hangers in back alleys. Some justify abortion on the claim that if it is outlawed, women will abort anyway and may die in the process. There are 3 problems with this hypothesis. First, it doesnt address the ethics of abortion. Second, laws against abortion would deter most women from having one. Third, there is no evidence that illegal abortions areShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion And Abortion2038 Words   |  9 PagesMostly seen as a religious issue, abortions are anything but that. Biology and science are the only deciding factors when it comes down to it. Science is the only thing that can prove whether an unborn child is living; no religion can do that. Through modern science and technology, it has been proven and well documented that human life does in fact begin at conception. The scientific evidence also contradicted the court ruling in the Roe v. Wade case, where it was stated that the Court could notRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion measures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers . At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produce

Exercise And Nutrition Go Hand - 1462 Words

â€Å"Your brain†¦weighs three pounds and has one hundred miles of blood vessels[,] contains more connections than there are stars in the Milky Way[,] is the fattest organ in the body[,] could be suffering this very minute without your having a clue,† wrote David Perlmutter (pg. 0). Exercise and nutrition go hand in hand, and you cannot have one without the other. While both exercise and nutrition may be different, they both come together to create and develop a healthy brain. The phrase â€Å"use is or lose it† is a concept that can be applied to the fact that the brain is a muscle and like every muscle in the body it must be used daily or it will gradually go away over time. In addition, the well-known saying that â€Å"you are what you eat† must be†¦show more content†¦Many studies and research have found that there is indeed a connection between being overweight and poor performance in one’s academics (Meeusen S47-S48). Current research a nd studies suggest that a child’s brain development and academic performance is affected by their physical conditioning (Meeusen S48). Meaning that the more physically active one is during their childhood, the better they might be at developing their brain and excelling at school. Nutrition also has the ability to affect one’s brain development. There have been many studies done concerning the benefits of breakfast and how skipping the most important meal of the day can have many consequences. Breakfast in essence, is considered the foundation meal for one’s brain, so it can learn, pay attention (especially in work or class), and also remember experiences (Arden 93). A study was done on children aged 8-11 to find out how breakfast influenced their complex mental functions (Meeusen S48). The children were to solve simple math problems after fasting over-night and again after they have skipped or consumed their breakfast (Meeusen S48). The results of the study fou nd that the children who ate their breakfast showed an increase in number of problems they got correct, while the children who continued not to eat breakfast did not (Meeusen S48) To

Crictical Examination of the Main Features Renaissance Humanism Free Essays

THE CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE RENAISANCE HUMANISM OUTLINE -BRIEF INTRODUCTION -RENAISANCE -HUMANISM -THE SIGNIF ICANT EVENTS IN THE RENAISANSE PERIOD -THE CHAMPIONS OF RENAISANCE HUMANISM -RENAISANCE HUMANISM AND THE REFORMATION -EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION BRIEF INTRODUCTION In the history of the world, many remarkable periods have been referred to most often due to perhaps great events that have led to a turn-around in the thoughts and general lives of the people. One of such periods is the renaissance humanism. The renaissance humanism is a term used to designate a period in history that is so spectacular and significant owing to its evolutionary of features. We will write a custom essay sample on Crictical Examination of the Main Features Renaissance Humanism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Renaissance here serves as an adjective to the word humanism; not any other type of humanism but the humanism of the renaissance period. This period falls from 14th to 16th century AD. The Church is and shall always be a society within a society. The relatedness between the church and the state or civil society has ever brought a kind of exchange in operations and thoughts. Thus, one of the causes of the renaissance humanism is not far from what happened and was happening in the church as at that time. Consequently, the effect of the renaissance period could be said to have been felt by he church in many ways and more especially as it went as far as forming a foundation for the â€Å"reformation† championed by such a personality like Martin Luther However , we shall explain in details what each of these terms mean, why they are called so , the key players or those that championed such an important period in history, the important features of renaissance humanism and it s evaluation and conclusion. In the course of this discourse, the approach shall be critical. WHAT IS RENAISSANCE? In the literary sense, it means â€Å"Rebirth†. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary ( 7th edition) defined it as â€Å"the period in Europe during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries when people became in the ideas and culture of ancient Greece and Rome and used these influences in their art, literature etc†. The Encyclopedia Britannica explaining the Renaissance says it is; â€Å"literally â€Å"rebirth,† the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation†. This period appears to have a sharp break from religious and medieval values. Great historians like Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt say that it is the â€Å"rediscovery of the world and man† and if this is so, it is more on the areas of literature and art. It is also within this renaissance period that the industrial revolution and the French revolution took place. So, the intellectual ventures of this period never hung on the air nor did it end in an utopia idealism but it manifested in many facets of the government of many countries in Europe. The Catholic Church was not also left out in this trend or historical situation as we shall see later. WHAT IS HUMANISM? Humanism as the name suggests imply a movement that has a significant focus on man. It is an intellectual movement. In the medieval ages, the scholastics and many religious thinkers influenced the people and the world ideas but during the humanistic period, the thoughts came from secular men or men of letters. Great minds like Dante della Mirandola, Collucio Saluti and Lorenza Valla were the earliest champions. Its earliest manifestation could be traced to Italy before it spread to many parts of Europe. All these happened before the reformation and counter-reformation. In fact, humanism was one of the factors that gave rise to the reformation. In specific sense, the period of humanism was characterized by many things; the human nature was the centre and focus as the name rightly implies. It was full of syncretism as it tried to fuse philosophical and theological truths together. Humanism was really out to revive the human spirit and wisdom that appeared to be lost. Instead of the medieval emphasis on penance as the noblest human activity, the emphasis brought by humanism was on how man could be creative and have mastery over nature. THE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THE RENAISANCE HUMANISM The renaissance humanism started around 14th to the 15th century AD. But it was preceded by an era known as the â€Å"proto-renaissance† in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. It was the era of arts championed by great artists like St. Francis with his radicalism. Art works and ornamental edifices prevalent in this era came from the Church. The popes made great marks in building classic churches as we could see in the Vatican city where we have the largest church in the world; the St. Peter’s Basilica. Thus, the world of arts in Europe could not be discussed without making reference to the popes. However, there was an upsurge of nude art works or nudity in their sculptures. This influence came from the Greek and pagan values but was never restricted in religious arts as such irrespective of their offensive meanings. This was because the Greek pagans had great reverence for the naked body. We could then say that what prepared the ground for the renaissance humanism was mainly from the church and the fruits of the renaissance period which led to the reformation fell back to the church also. Therefore, we could say that the renaissance humanism started when the literary world and the world of arts was so charged. At the same time the church was leading but her great strides were infiltrated or became mixed with pagan/ Greek values that were seemingly unacceptable. Thus, the European world saw the reason to question the church’s consistency in the religious matters and the absolute attribute of things to God or religion. THE CHAMPIONS OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISM The earliest humanists were Dante Della Mirandola, Lorenzo Valla and Coluccio Salutati. But after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, many scholars went to Italy to research and go acquainted with many books together with the knowledge of the Greek traditional arts. In the northern Europe we fin people like Desiderius Erasmus who came up with the praise of the folly (1509). This depicts the moral essence of humanism. He preferred heartfelt goodness to formalistic piety. We could also recall that the founder of the renaissance painting was Masaccio (1401-14280). Boccaccio (1313-1375 wrote the first sexual literature since the Late Latin writers. Nicholas Machiavelli (1469-1527) really mocked honesty and integrity in politics in his writings as it is farfetched. However, renaissance Humanism was not totally paganistic as perceived by many people as we see its religious relevance. We have the Christian humanists who began many schools. Around the 15th centuries, more than twenty fine new universities were established. St. Francis, who abandoned the traditional theological practices, went about in identifying with the poor and raising the beauty of nature inspired the works of many artists of his time as the paintings that reflect the beauty of nature became prevalent. Biblical studies boomed higher as Hebrew was now being studied. Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros (1436-1517) published a multilingual Bible too and when Johann Gutenberg invented printing, copies of these literary works and arts were made available to more people. We shall not also hesitate to note that some scholars and thinkers fought against the structural and dogmatic stand of the Catholic Church. An example is John Wycliffe (1329-1384). He denied the real presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist and the necessity of the priesthood. Girolamo Savanarola (1452-1498) after making much converts through his powerful preaching destroyed it with hiss fanatic activities. RENAISANCE HUMANISM AND THE REFORMATION The reformation took place around the 16th century AD. Encyclopedia Britannica says; â€Å"It was a religious revolution that took place in the western world†. The champions are Martin Luther (1483-1546) as the chief and John Calvin (1509-1564). Martin Luther was a German priest (An Augustinian Friar) and highly intelligent scholar. He was so worried with the situation in the moral and spiritual situation of the church as the church mixed up so much with the imperial powers. She introduced the indulgence for the building of the Vatican City. Thus, the indulgence was being sold for material things. The immoral lives of the clergy and the political practices that went on in the church left the scrupulous mind of Luther more bothered. Thus, Luther resorted to writing the ninety five these. This document was against the papacy, the infallibility of the Church. He also upheld grace, faith and the belief in the scriptures as the sure means of obtaining salvation. This was in sure contrast to the church’s teachings about penance. John Calvin with his Calvinism gave the Protestants a doctrinal basis. He believed in the doctrine of predestination, thus, for him God cannot really forgive someone. One can only perceive that he has the grace by faith but may not really have it. The Renaissance humanism gave a plain background for the Reformation. We could say that the reformation is the climax of the humanism. What was left uncriticised directly was what Martin Luther boldly spoke against but though in an extreme manner. There have been arguments on whether the reformation could have taken place if Luther had not done what he did. But, one could observe that the ground was already ripe and charged for a serious reformation in the church as at the time of Martin Luther. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION Renaissance humanism gave a good intellectual background for the reformation. The different unbecoming cases and situations that were coming from the church started making the people to loose confidence in the Divine origin of the church. Hence, the possibilities that lie in the human powers were sought during the renaissance humanism but in the reformation, it was sought in the religious angle but against the church directly. BIBLIOGRAPHY Norbert Brockman, SM et al, A history of the Catholic Church; Paulines publication Africa, 1991 Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary, 7th edition Schreck, A. , The Compact History of the Catholic Church, Bangalore: St. Pauls Press, 1987 Brockman, N. , and Pescantini, U. , A History of the Catholic Church, Akure: Don Bosco Centre, 1991 Nwachukwu, L. , The Journey of our Faith, Readings of some major events in the Life of the Catholic Church, vol. 1, Owerri: Skill Mark Media LTD, 2009 How to cite Crictical Examination of the Main Features Renaissance Humanism, Papers

Ontological and Wager Argument

There are many theories that try to prove the existence of God. Ontological argument stipulates that God exists because atheists contradict themselves in how they perceive the existence of God. Therefore, according to the argument, the existence of these contradictions gives a confirmation that God exists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ontological and Wager Argument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although many philosophers support the ontological argument, some philosophers have made serious criticisms on the existence of God. According to Anselm, since God is a supreme being who is believed to be above all creatures, it implies that any argument that concerns his existence requires a careful scrutiny from both atheists and non-atheists (Rauhut 176). While Anselm and Wager are major proponents of the ontological argument, Hume and Kant are some of the opponents of the ontological argument. Therefore, this ess ay analyzes the objections of Hume and Kant and assesses their differences with the objections presented by Pascal’s argument. According to Hume, there is a clear impression of the existence of animals such as dogs and cats as one can derive the concepts from practical impressions. He argues that, since there are no clear impressions on the existence of God, his existence can only be in our minds. Thus, Hume objects the ontological argument by saying that God only exists in our minds as blurry idea, which depicts God as the greatest being. In his assertion, David Hume concludes that â€Å"any existence claim seem to require matters of fact and can never be a mere analytic judgments† (Rauhut 179). Hence, it is not plausible for one to use analytic judgments in proving the existence of God. Comparatively, critics of Wager cite beliefs as the major shortcoming of the ontological argument. They argue that one cannot use beliefs to prove the existence of God. Moreover, in t heir argument they state that beliefs are not usually under the voluntary control of an individual, and thus lead to the complexity of many gods worshipped by many religions. Another philosopher, Kant notes that real existence is greater and more convincing than imaginative existence. Kant argues that if something exists in reality, it cannot be greater than the object that exists in understanding (Rauhut 180). Hence, he believes that for one to prove the existence of an object, it should be real.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Kant objects the ontological argument because the argument is based on imaginative existence of God, which does not provide the reality concerning his existence. In comparison, critics of Wager’s arguments highlight that Wager uses beliefs and faith to prove that God exists. The critics claim that the use of belief is confusing because people are unable to control their beliefs, which consequently subjects them to many gods. Ontological argument is a controversial argument that supports the existence of God. The argument states that, since scholars and philosophers who oppose the concept regarding the existence of God contradict themselves, they prove that God exists. According to Hume and Kant, something must be real and visible for it to exist. For instance, Hume and Kant use visible and tangible objects in their arguments. Furthermore, Hume and Kant argue that the ontological argument is not practical because it only presents God as a supreme being who is invisible and only exist in one’s mind. Moreover, critics of Wager’s argument noted that ontological argument has its basis on beliefs. According to the critics, beliefs are not under one’s control, and thus cannot be used to prove that God really exists. Works Cited Rauhut, Nils. Ultimate Questions: Thinking about Philosophy. New York: Prentice Hal l, 2010. Print. This essay on Ontological and Wager Argument was written and submitted by user Coen Sweet to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.