Drug Trafficking in the US Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Narco-terrorism is among growing threats to national security that has been given increased attention for a couple of years. DEA of the United States defines narco-terrorism as the engagement of groups or individuals in providing security for, taxing, or abetting endeavors of drug trafficking in order to fund terrorist activities. For instance, according to the events that took place on 9/11, it is clearly evident that the connection between drug trafficking and terrorism has negatively affected national security. At first, narco-terrorism was known to be a threat to Latin Americans, but now it has wreaked chaos around the globe. From the IRA of Ireland, FARC of Colombia, and PKK of Turkey, narco-terrorism methods are used by numerous terrorist groups as well as drug cartels. Since globalization has led to world markets interconnectivity, this has resulted in illicit trade in global markets. As a result, this has allowed interaction between world criminal groups whereby drug traffic king funds the activities of these crime groups and terrorist organizations. The threats that are caused by the narco-terrorism result in a multitude of national security issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Trafficking in the US or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Tijuana s situation highlights the importance of countering crimes and sustaining security in conflict regions.

Planned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And...

â€Å"Nothing matters.† That quote attributed to Ambrose Bierce may be true in some cases. It may be true to those who do not value the funding of Planned Parenthood. But something does matter. And that is the funding of the healthcare resource Planned Parenthood. Many do not understand the vital role Planned Parenthood plays in the lives of up and coming parents. Planned Parenthood has been operating and serving those in need of care in the United States and overseas for more than 40 years (â€Å"Planned Parenthood Global†). Planned Parenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together with a staff of experts in medicine, sexual health, advocacy, communications, and law, these leaders offer a robust vision and common sense solutions designed to protect women’s health and safety and the basic human rights of us all.†(â€Å"Our Leadership† par. 2) In overview, Planned Parenthood is an underappreciated healthcare resource that has helped terminate/prevent unwanted pregnancy, contributed to vital medical research, and educated persons of all ages in matters including sexuality and safe practices/choices. Planned Parenthood has recently been in the national spotlight due to the number abortions the facilities across the United States conduct. While Planned Parenthood clients have an 80% reach out rate due to unwanted pregnancy, only 3% of their services are abortion related. Planned Parenthood reduces the number of unwanted pregnancies worldwide by 516 000 each year. The organizationShow MoreRelatedPlanned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And Safety And The Basic Human Rights1467 Words   |  6 Pagesmay be true to those who do not value the funding of Planned Parenthood. But something does matter. And that is the funding of the healthcare resource Planned Parenthood. Many do not understand the vital role Planned Pare nthood plays in the lives of up and coming parents. Planned Parenthood has been operating and serving those in need of care in the United States and overseas for more than 40 years (â€Å"Planned Parenthood Global†). Planned Parenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together withRead MoreOverpopulation And Resource Conflict And Allocation1741 Words   |  7 Pagesranked sixth in the 2013 Human Development Index, fourth in The Heritage Foundation’s 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, and 13th in the INSEAD’s 2012 Global Innovation Index. AS well as ranked 8th in the Center for Global Development’s 2012 Commitment to Development Index, which orders the world’s greatest developed nations on their devotion to policies that benefit poorer nations. Overpopulation I. Overview of Topic: Overpopulation is the condition in which the existing human population exceeds theRead MoreAbortion: A Divisive Political Issue in Contemporary American Politics1874 Words   |  8 Pagesrelated this issue with a bigger question: when life actually begins. It leads to a question that at what time, a child inside a woman starts feeling things and then bears legal rights? These questions have left us with a rather bigger issue: is womans right to determine how her body will be used, is superior or the rights of an unborn fetus will take the lead. There are various definitions of the word abortion. However, these definitions are coined by various groups and thus supports their ownRead MoreThe Separation Of Church And State1592 Words   |  7 Pagesfundamentally important aspect of our government. Most any citizen would agree that the government should operate based on the law and the constitution, not on the individual s religious beliefs, yet when the issue is Abortion, that stance is flipped. The debate over abortion rages on despite the supreme court giving women the right to abortion in 1973 with the ruling of Roe v Wade. Looking at both sides objectively, the pro-choice arguments lineup with facts, while the pro-life arguments are either supportedRead Morewriting assignment 2 Essay2638 Words   |  11 PagesShe organized women workers in 1886-1890. Leonora furthered the progress of women’s rights. 3.) Who was Frances Willard? ANSWER: Francis Willard was born in Churchville, NY. Francis was a women suffragist; she was an American educator, temperance reformer. She was the national president of Women’s Christian Temperance union (WCTU) in 1879. 4.) What impact do these photographs have on your understanding of gender roles of American society in the late 19th century? a.) ANSWER: The impact that theseRead MoreThe Current Trend Of Human Population Growth1950 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Is the current trend in Human population growth a danger to our planet?† Yes. The current trend in Human population growth is a serious issue, and, as of late,   it has been the focus of numerous scientific debates and studies. Why is it a danger to our planet? Recent studies from various scientific sources show that since the late eighteenth century (after the beginning of the industrial revolution), the human population had set itself on an explosively exponential growth rate, catapulting out ofRead MoreImproving the Lives of HIV Positive People7695 Words   |  31 PagesCompiled by JHU Public Health Studies Program PROGRAM NAME SUMMER/ACA D. YR ELIGIBILITY DEADLINE PAY LOCATION DESCRIPTION WEBSITE Advocates for Children of New York SUMMER UNDERGRADUATES NONE LISTED NO AIDS Action: Pedro Zamora Public Policy Fellowship FALL/ SPRING/ SUMMER UNDERGRADUATE/ GRADUATE SPRING: 11/01/11 SUMMER: 03/15/11 FALL: 05/15/11 STIPEND The ARISE Coalition is seeking a volunteer policy intern to: Conduct data analyses of a numberRead MoreThesis: Should Abortions Be Legal?6429 Words   |  26 Pagesthat should be deliberated very carefully before making the decision to proceed. There are many laws against abortion, but no one can prohibit women from having an abortion. Nearly one million women sought out abortion, two decades before abortion was legalized, thousands died and tens of thousands were mutilated (Kilinger). Before abortion was legalized women were desperate to abort the pregnancy and would choose places that others would never dare to enter. These types of places were very unsafeRead MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 PagesMASTERS IN HUMAN RIGHTS COURSE COORDINATOR : PROF. SN REMBE TOPIC: Examining the cultural practice of ukuthwala and its impact on the rights of the girl child: An Eastern Cape Perspective TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Understanding Ukuthwala 3. International Legislative Framework 4. National Legislative Framework and Ukuthwala 5. Causes of Ukuthwala 6. Consequences of Ukuthwala 7. Impact of Ukuthwala on the Girl Child 8. Ukuthwala and Constitutional Rights Read MoreEthical Misconduct7357 Words   |  30 PagesNational Business Ethics Survey (NBES) sought workers opinions on workplace ethics trends, the implementation and impact of formal programs, the ethical culture of organizations, and factors that pose risks of misconduct. The ERC has conducted four such surveys in the past 11 years. This years findings reveal that although ethics and compliance programs make a difference, their impact is related to the culture in which they are situated. Related Results †¢ Phila. region’s gas average hits $3.50

Negotiation strategies procedures Free Essays

It is agreed that negotiation is a process and that the first stage of any negotiation, the pre-negotiation stage, is very essential in the planning process for negotiations. But the stage of pre-negotiations, as scholars have come to agree, is in itself also a process. Since the pre-negotiation stage is so crucial there are therefore certain essential steps to proceed on in order to ensure success. We will write a custom essay sample on Negotiation strategies procedures or any similar topic only for you Order Now While scholars are not agreed on the exact labeling of the different phases of pre-negotiation, nor on how many specific steps there are to be followed, they generally agree on the essential elements that must come into play during pre-negotiations. Peterson Lucas (2001) identify four stages of pre-negotiations. Other writers have classified the processes involved in pre-negotiation into five categories and even some have limited their categories to only three components. Scholars agree that the first step to take in pre-negotiations is for the parties to identify and define the exact nature of the problem and conduct necessary intelligence gathering procedures. This first phase is basically the framing phase. Furthermore, in this first step, parties are able to demonstrate whether or not they are willing to negotiate address the issues. The next step is the formulation aspects where the parties begin to search for available options or alternatives to the issue(s) from the perspective of both parties. Each party will have to anticipate the possible options that the other could propose. In the third step there is first some amount of commitment to negotiate among the parties, whether formally or informally based on the information gathered and the alternatives identified. There is following this commitment a concrete agreement or decision to negotiate by both parties. Here the negotiating parties decide on the parameters under which such negotiations would take place. The final step in the pre-negotiation process is the structuring phase where negotiation strategies are developed and plans are made by each side as how best to tackle the actual negotiation. Formal negotiations begin as soon as the parties agree to negotiate and appoint a committee over the negotiations. What are the Individual Characteristics of Negotiators? One important factor that impacts greatly on the process and outcome of negotiations is the individual characteristics of the negotiators. While no scholar has proposed a particular model of the best characteristic traits for a successful negotiator, they have identified several factors that could swing negotiation outcomes either in favor of or against the party for with the individual is negotiating. Among the individual characteristics of negotiators the most commonly identified are negotiation experience, age, sex, education and training as well as culture and beliefs. Other variable characteristics could also have an impact on how well a negotiator performs. Irritability, tension, historical relationship between negotiators, physical health among others factors have been noted to affect the negotiation process. These characteristics are, however, quite variable, and depend heavily on the specific negotiation time and situation and not completely on the negotiator’s usual character traits. As it pertains to the classifiable characteristics, as it pertains to matters of age, research has not proven any significant relation between this variable and the outcome of negotiations. Younger or older negotiators have not been shown to produce better consecutive results than their counterparts. Age is only relevant only as it relates to experience because it is only as the negotiator ages and matures that significant experience would be gathered. Thus, in reference to experience, it must be admitted that the more experienced a negotiator is with particular negotiating situations, the easier and smoother the negotiation process flows. The know-how gathered with experience gives a sort of comfort level but it does not, however, suppose a greater propensity to succeed. Peterson Lucas (2001) note of younger, more inexperienced negotiators, that they are more rigid and uncompromising to the proposals of the other side. Overall the amount of experience a negotiator has could in fact impact negotiations. A negotiators training and education could impact negotiators. While university qualification does not automatically signify a more successful negotiator, researchers have seen some amount of correlation between education and training and the performance of negotiators. However such correlation has not been shown to be significant enough to make a difference. The sex of the negotiator has also been highlighted as a characteristic of negotiators. The position of researchers on the approaches taken in negotiations by both sexes is mixed. Some studies suggest that women are more compromising than men and make a greater effort to obtain mutual agreeable solutions. Differences in negotiators’ cultures and beliefs do of course mean that particular tactics and approaches would be more characteristic of particular negotiators more than others. Such differences are, however, too varied to classify. Suffice it to say that a negotiator’s cultural convictions may be against certain negotiating styles. Of the characteristics of negotiators outlined above, experience appears to be the more crucial to the success of negotiation sessions. More experienced negotiators understand the intricacies of negotiation and are more familiar with the process and steps to take given any negotiation situation. Because of this knowledge gained overtime, negotiators would tend to move more smoothly through the process where a less experienced negotiation would demonstrate hesitancy. Unfortunately some experienced negotiations overtime tend to begin to overstep certain critical phases of negotiation (Peterson Lucas, 2001) as they are quite competent and thus do not need to plan as much or as well as before. REFERENCES Peterson, R.M. Lucas, G.H. (Fall 2001). Expanding the Antecedent Component of the Traditional Business Negotiation Model: Pre-negotiation Literature Review and Planning-Preparation Propositions. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, vol #(issue #), pages. How to cite Negotiation strategies procedures, Essay examples

Statistics Project Essay Example For Students

Statistics Project Essay My task during this statistics coursework is to gather relevant information regarding the memories of people with regard to many different factors. I shall need to create numerous hypotheses that are sensible and are practical to carry out, get information relevant to the hypotheses and present the data in different methods which are relevant to the experiment. Hypothesis My primary hypothesis is that pictures are easier to memorise than words, and words are easier to memorise rather than numbers. I have come to this prediction as I personally find pictures easier to remember because you can relate it to something and it is visual, visual objects are said to be easier to memorise. Secondly words are easier to memorise than numbers because words can be easily related to ones thinking and therefore people can remember them easily while numbers are harder to relate. : I decided to choose similar pages from both the Times and the Mirror with roughly equal numbers of paragraphs and adverts, pages 4-5, or 4-6, as in the Mirror there were not enough to take samples from. To find mean sentence lengths in the two papers, I decided I would sample systematically from my populations, counting the number of words in every 3rd sentence. I came up on several problems quickly should I include headlines in my count? I decided against it, as headlines tend to be shorter than normal sentences. The next problem came with numbers did they get counted as words in the sentences? Making sure that I did the same with both papers, I decided to exclude numbers in my count. I also decided to exclude any sentences in adverts, as the number of adverts on the compared pages varied. I then took a mean and found the of my data. To find the average number of words per sentence, I decided to cluster-sample, and count the first 30 words in the first paragraph of page 4 in each paper. I decided that I would again exclude numbers, and that hyphenated words counted as a single word. Again, when I found all the data, I found its mean and the standard deviation. Location: As can be seen from this box and whisker diagram, the Times has a similar mean sentence length (20 to 1sf.) to the Mirror (18). This shows that the average sentences in the Mirror and the Times contain a similar number of words. In the box and whisker diagram for word lengths, it is visible that their medians are the same.

Book Thief Quote Paragraph Essay Example

Book Thief Quote Paragraph Paper The Book Thief Questions 1) Death explains that Lies steals books for different reasons that reflect what Is happening in her life at the time which was her brothers death. Still In disbelief, she started to dig. He couldnt be dead. He couldnt be dead. He couldnt(5. 60). Less was Incredible hurt and couldnt stand It. Death says, The point Is, It TLD really matter what the book was about. It was what It meant that was more Important. (l . 38) She steals her first book because It reminded her of her brother after he died. She steals the second book at the book burning to rebel against Hitler. Then they discovered she couldnt read or write. (7. 25) This Is also a reason that Lies takes book. She cannot read and is determined to learn. She is taught by Hans ho immediately bonds with her and teaches her: Unofficially, it was called the midnight class, even though it commenced at around two in the morning. (7. 30) Lies also takes The Whistler and The Dream Carrier to add to her collection. One reason Lies takes The Whistler to get back at alls and finally she takes the Dream Carrier to read to Max while he is in a coma. Each theft had a significance that validated her actions or gave her a memory. We will write a custom essay sample on Book Thief Quote Paragraph specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Book Thief Quote Paragraph specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Book Thief Quote Paragraph specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Top Characteristics of Ancient Civilizations

Top Characteristics of Ancient Civilizations The phrase top characteristics of civilization refers both to the features of societies that rose to greatness in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, Chinas Yellow River, Mesoamerica, the Andes Mountains in South America and others, as well as to the reasons or explanations for the rise of those cultures. Why those cultures became so complex while others faded away is one of the great puzzles that archaeologists and historians have attempted to address many times. The fact that complexity happened is undeniable. In a short 12,000 years, humans, who organized and fed themselves as loosely associated bands of hunters and gatherers eventually developed into societies with full-time jobs, political borders, and detente, currency markets and entrenched poverty and wristwatch computers, world banks, and international space stations. How did we do that? So, What is a Civilization? The concept of a civilization has a fairly grubby past. The idea of what we consider a civilization grew out of the 18th-century movement known as the Enlightenment  and the term is often related to or used interchangeably with culture. These two terms are tied up with linear developmentalism, the now-discredited notion that human societies evolved in a linear fashion. According to that, there was a straight line that societies were supposed to develop along, and ones that deviated were, well, deviant. That idea allowed movements such as kulturkreis in the 1920s to brand societies and ethnic groups as decadent or normal, depending on what stage of the societal evolution line scholars and politicians perceived them to have achieved. The idea was used as an excuse for European imperialism, and it must be said still lingers in some places. American archaeologist Elizabeth Brumfiel (2001) pointed out that the word civilization has two meanings. First, the definition arising from the grubby past is civilization as a generalized state of being, that is to say, a civilization has productive economies, class stratification, and striking intellectual and artistic achievements. That is contrasted by primitive or tribal societies with modest subsistence economies, egalitarian social relations, and less extravagant arts and sciences. Under this definition, civilization equals progress and cultural superiority, which in turn was used by European elites to legitimize their domination of the working class at home and colonial people abroad. However, civilization also refers to the enduring cultural traditions of specific regions of the world. For literally thousands of years, successive generations of people resided on the Yellow, Indus, Tigris/Euphrates, and Nile rivers outliving the expansion and collapse of individual polities or states. That sort of a civilization is sustained by something other than complexity: there probably is something inherently human about creating an identity based on whatever it is that defines us, and clinging onto that. Factors Leading to Complexity It is clear that our ancient human ancestors lived a far simpler life than we do. Somehow, in some cases, in some places, at some times, simple societies for one reason or another morphed into more and more complex societies, and some become civilizations. The reasons which have been proposed for this growth in complexity range from a simple model of population pressure- too many mouths to feed, what do we do now?- to the greed for power and wealth from a few individuals to the impacts of climate change- a prolonged drought, a flood, or tsunami, or a depletion of a particular food resource. But single-source explanations are not convincing, and most archaeologists today would agree that any complexity process was gradual, over hundreds or thousands of years, variable over that time and particular for each geographic region. Each decision made in a society to embrace complexity- whether that involved the establishment of kinship rules or food technology- occurred in its own peculiar, and likely largely unplanned, way. The evolution of societies is like human evolution, not linear but branched, messy, full of dead ends and successes not necessarily marked by the best behavior. Nevertheless, the characteristics of burgeoning complexity in a prehistoric society are pretty much agreed upon, falling roughly into three groups: Food, Technology, and Politics. Food and Economics increasing sedentism- a reduction in the amount of mobility within a society, allowing or requiring people to settle down in one place for longer periodsthe need to produce a stable and reliable source of food for your group, whether by growing crops, called agriculture; or raising animals for milking, plowing or meat, called pastoralismthe ability to quarry and process tin, copper, bronze, gold, silver, iron and other metals into usable objects, known  as metallurgythe creation of tasks that require people who can dedicate part or all of their time to complete, such as textile or pottery production, jewelry production and referred to as craft specializationenough people to act as a workforce, be craft specialists and require the stable food source, referred to as high population densitythe rise of urbanism, religious and political centers, and socially heterogeneous, permanent settlementsthe development of markets, either to meet the demands of urban elites for food and status goo ds or for common people to enhance the efficiency and/or economic security of their households Architecture and Technology the presence of large, non-domestic buildings constructed to be shared by the community, such as churches and shrines and plazas and collectively known as monumental architecturea way to communicate information long distances within and outside of the group, known as a writing systemthe presence of a group level religion, controlled by religious specialists such as shamans or priestsa way to know when the seasons will change, by means of a calendar or astronomical observationroads and transportation networks that allowed communities to be connected Politics and People Control the rise of trade or exchange networks, in which communities share goods with one another, leading tothe presence of luxury and exotic goods, such as baltic amber), jewelry made from precious metals, obsidian, spondylus shell, and a wide variety of other objectsthe creation of classes or hierarchical posts and titles with different levels of power within the society  called social stratification and rankingan armed military force, to protect the community and/or the leaders from the communitysome way to collect tribute and taxes (labor, goods or currency), as well as private estatesa centralized​ rule, to organize all those various things Not all of these characteristics necessarily have to be present for a particular cultural group to be considered a civilization, but all of them are considered evidence of relatively complex societies. Sources Al-Azmeh, A. Concept . International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Ed. Wright, James D. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015. 719–24. Print.and History of CivilizationBrumfiel, E. M. Archaeology of States and Civilizations. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Ed. Baltes, Paul B. Oxford: Pergamon, 2001. 14983–88. Print.Covey, R. Alan. Rise of Political Complexity. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Ed. Pearsall, Deborah M. New York: Academic Press, 2008. 1842–53. Print.Eisenstadt, Samuel N. Civilizations. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Ed. Wright, James D. Oxford: Elsevier, 2001. 725–29. Print.Kuran, Timur. Explaining the Economic Trajectories of Civilizations: The Systemic Approach. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization 71.3 (2009): 593–605. Print.Macklin, Mark G., and John Lewin. The Rivers of Civilization. Quaternary Science Reviews 114 (2015): 228â₠¬â€œ44. Print.Nichols, Deborah L. , R. Alan  Covey, and Kamyar Abdia. Rise of Civilization and Urbanism. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Ed. Pearsall, Deborah M. London: Elsevier Inc., 2008. 1003–15. Print.

McCann, Let The Great World Spin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

McCann, Let The Great World Spin - Essay Example In the opening lines of the novel itself, there is a blunt reference to the twin tower attack, and the first view of the novelist’s fictional world that the reader gets, is the people in the New York city streets, watching upwards, tilting their heads, which has a premonition-like resemblance to the images that were flashed on television, years later, when the twin towers fell. Corrigan’s blind faith is the ideology that sets the tone of the novel. So it becomes easy for one of the protagonists (Corrigan’s brother) to say that â€Å"he never rejected the world† (McCann, 20). Such a conforming posture before the vices and miseries of the world is also in conformity with the way, America handled the ‘war on terrorism’. The hope expressed in the novel had no connection with the realities of the people of Afghanistan or Iraq. What happened in the twin tower incident was repeated by America a million times in these countries, which took away the mo ral right of the nation to preach hope and peace. And in the novel, whenever the war is mentioned, the propagator of the war is explicitly absent, as if war was a natural disaster. This is why the novelist, in almost all his sentences, makes war the grammatical ‘subject’, and not the object of action by another subject. For example, one of the narrators is heard to say, â€Å"the war kicked in, and she got all messed up in it† (McCann, 49). When one of the protagonists says, â€Å"this was not the America that I expected†, he was referring to the dark ghettos of South Bronx, but by placing, Corrigan, the Christ look alike, in those ghettos, a virtual kind of solution is offered by the novel (McCann, 32). Throughout the book, one is reminded that though reaching out to the victims is a good deed, preventing victimization is far more difficult a task, of which every one wants to shed responsibility. The puritan approach of the novelist is evident from the

The role of Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The role of Intellectual Property - Essay Example A copyright establishes ownership f original works f authorship "fixed" in any actual medium f expression. A copyright applies to the expression f an idea, whether published or not. Once an original work is created and fixed, copyright exists. The idea f the author is not protected when it is just "in his or her head." The author's work must be "fixed" in a tangible medium f expression. For example, it can be handwritten or typed; dictated into a tape recorder; acted out in front f a video recorder; carved into clay, wax or stone; stored on a computer chip; or even woven into fabric. Once the author's original work is created and fixed, only the author or those the author permit may create other works based on the original. The author alone may authorize distribution, display or performance f his or her work. In order to make money by allowing others to use their work, the author should first consider obtaining copyright registration. The following examples are items that can be copyright. Examples include: books, poetry, plays, short stories, articles, comic books, musical compositions (words and/or music), audio and video recordings, choreographic works, pantomimes, motion pictures, filmstrips, TV programs, photographs, paintings, drawings, prints, maps, architectural plans, scale models, sculpture, craft works, jewellery designs, fabric designs, computer programs and data-bases. Firstly, copyrights protect ... Their works are protected for a minimum period f 50 years after their death (The WTO, 2004). The main purposes f copyrights are to encourage and reward creative work. This brings us to Industrial Property Law, which as we have said, is divided into 2 categories. The first are is described as the protection f distinctive signs, i.e. Trademarks. This type f protection is aimed at ensuring fair completion, but it also protects the consumer by enabling him to choose between various products. This type f protection differ form copyrights in that it lasts indefinitely (The WTO, 2004). The second type f industrial property protection can be basically being called patents. This type f protection is used to stimulate the innovation and design f new technology. It basically protects the investments made to develop new technology. Patent protection is usually given in finite terms, mainly about 20 years (The WTO, 2004). This then brings us to the reason why IPRS are so important in GPE. IPRS protect the investments that firms and nations make in the development f knowledge and technology. This means that if nations and firms can keep others form just using their inventions it can generate enormous wealth for them. Intellectual property rights have thus become a major international issue enjoying much attention form bodies like the WTO and nations owning major patents. In GPE, one can as always use the three main perspectives f GPE, Liberal, Mercantilist and Structural, to view the IPRS issue. If we look at the Liberal perspective, we can see that they see property rights as essential to a market economy (Balaam, D.N. & Veseth, M. 2001, p.214). It establishes a link between effort and reward. They believe that

Decline in union membership in the U.S Research Paper

Decline in union membership in the U.S - Research Paper Example The pattern is irreversible, and it is unlikely that unions, as they exist, can survive the gathering economic storms. A History of Confrontation and Concession The history of labor unions in the United States can be traced as far back as 1765 and the Daughter’s of Liberty, a women’s organizational group who, through their making of cloth and other goods at home, supported the Revolutionary War movement. The first male trade unions formed in the late 18th century, and women workers began organizing in earnest in the 1820s. In general, and according to most trade union historians, the movement as a national power evolved after the Civil War with the National Labor Union (NLU) as the first federation of local groups, followed by its successors, the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor (AFL), still powerful and active today. An offshoot, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or "the Wobblies") came to being in the early twentieth century, often â€Å" using violence to promote the cause of unskilled workers† (History of U.S. Labor Unions, 2010, par 3). ... (AFL-CIO), which according to its official site now boasts 12.2 million members-- teachers and miners, firefighters and farm workers, bakers and engineers, pilots and public employees, doctors and nurses, painters and plumbers† (AFL-CIO, 2011, About Us, par. 2). Other groups over time have become part of the matrix, including public sector employees in hospitals, postal workers, municipal workers police and fireman. Counterbalancing unions in existence in the public sector, union membership today in the private sector has â€Å"fallen under 8%--levels not seen since 1932† (History of U.S. Labor Unions, 2010, par. 5) due to lack of interest, illegal workers and undoubtedly workers who are fearful of loosing jobs in a progressively diminishing job market. Outsourcing as a contributing issue can not be discounted. As Dubofsky and Dulles (2004) found, â€Å"the forces of economic liberalization, capital mobility, and globalization have affected measurably the material stand ard of living enjoyed by workers in the United States† (p. ix). Pros and Cons of Unions and Union Membership Since the Industrial Revolution, unions have  been credited with securing improvements in working conditions and wages. Beyond the obvious, in any discussion of unions one of the first points raised is exactly this: what are the benefits of unions and how do they represent the interests of the working person? Views are generally diverse, depending upon particular experiences and who is making the judgment. For instance, employers who wish more mobility in making economic decisions for their company or organization may find the demands of collective bargaining more than they can absorb, or, more than they are willing to absorb. On the other hand, a good collective bargainer can often come to

IKEA Background and Analysis

IKEA Background and Analysis IKEA began operating in Sweden in 1943. The founder of IKEA is Ingvar Kamprad who is from Sweden. The previous CEO of IKEA is Mikael Ohlsson, replaced by Peter Agnefjall in 2013. IKEA is a private limited company that own by an organization controlled by Kamprad family. IKEA is an international home furnishing retailer that sells good quality design in low price furniture, bathroom, kitchen and accessories around the world. Originally IKEA only sold wallet, pens, watch, picture frame and jewelry. IKEA has grown to be largest global furniture retailers. IKEA is cooperating with more than 1,500 suppliers around the world, which is around 50 countries in designing their own furniture. IKEA trade internationally which have 341 stores in 38 countries. (Germany, United stated, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Canada, Russia, China and others) The mission of IKEA is Offering a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. ÂÂ  The vision of IKEA is to create a better everyday life for the many people. Our business idea supports this vision by offering a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them The objective is to produce affordable price of product for the customer who cannot afford to buy expensive product. Ensure the customer found what they are looking for in the store at a low price. B) An analysis of how the culture is transmitted to the employees. IKEAs employees are the most valuable resources in the organization. When employees are productive, it will help increase the growth rate. IKEA is dedicated in becoming an excellent employer for thousands of employees around the world. IKEA offers a safe and healthy environment as well as advancement opportunity for every single one of its employees. IKEA contains human rights and respect for each employee and they work in a living and strong company culture. Employees value teamwork, modesty, ease, cost-awareness and rational. They are always ready to learn and improve. IKEA encourage employees to question accepted solutions, test new ideas and see mistake as a way to grow and develop. IKEA uses VOICE (a company-wide survey) to monitor how the employees opinion on various aspects of their employment at IKEA. Every year, IKEA will ask employees to fill in the survey to inquire their dissatisfaction and what kind of motivation do they need. Based on the results from the survey can help to define areas to improve at IKEA. The IKEA Leadership Index quantifies how employees look into their managements. IKEA continue to provide a safe and healthy working environment for all their employees because the safety of employees and customers is always a main priority at IKEA therefore employees should have an adequate training before they have access to the safety gear and equipments. All employees within the retailer and distribution must undertake safety training prior to work at IKEA. Therefore, each IKEA outlet must have a risk manager who is responsible for local safety routines based on the IKEA Group Risk Manual. IKEAs employees business travels are provided with latest travel-risk information and a 24 hour global emergency service. IKEA builds strong relationships with employees to make them feel that they belong in their workplace. Well-functioning internal communication is a process which helps the employees ability to perform their tasks, to learn and develop effective leadership. Every manager has the responsibility to ensure their employees have the ability and tools to receive and understand the information given. Managers in IKEA receive support from tools and specialists available as part of the basic leadership training programmed. The IKEA Intranet consists of multi-channel such as newsletters, easily accessible notice boards and plasma screens, regular meetings and closed-circuit radio. IKEA has a web-enabled service that allows the employer to connect with employees from different countries with limited access to receive news and information about various IKEA activities. Employees in different ages or different stages in their lives might have different abilities and demand. Therefore, IKEA provide a fair working hour, responsibility, to every employee according to demographics. C) Discuss on how external and internal environment influences the organizational culture. Economical IKEA have the low cost of production therefore the price of the product is reasonable. Mainly is because the product is made in China. IKEA have better expansion to other market because IKEA have long term brand name recognize globally. Technology IKEA use the innovation of technology and systems in order to shorten the queues, tracking and scheduling the product. IKEA using environment friendly product as a potential for innovation of technologic IKEA inventor new technology that can shorten the queues that can save time The IT department will keep updating the catalogue to the website of IKEA in order easier for customer to get the latest information about the product. IKEA provide online shopping for the customer to make order directly. Customers just place a product to add to cart. By using this way it enables customers and staff saves the time. Rivalry within the industry In Malaysia there is handful of competitor in the furniture industry. Besides that, there are many of retailers in the market. There are Tesco, The court and Carrefour. On top of this many retailers some are import from China and India. Therefore they can sell at lower price in the market. This shows that the competition of the competitor in this industry is pretty high. Bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers in IKEA is low. IKEA has good relationship with suppliers around the world and most of them are from China which consist of 1380 suppliers in 54 countries IKEA has its own manufacturing company like Swedwood Manufacturer. Therefore it is clear that IKEA can threats the suppliers to enter into their business. Bargaining power of buyers Customers like to compare the price among the retailers. Therefore price war will happen against each other. Customer direct purchase from China also involved in the direct competition market. So the consumers have many alternatives. Bargaining power of buyer is high. Because they got many choices which manufacturers they can buy from. Threats of new entrants There are no entry barriers in the industry. But the strength of competition may repulse the potential entrants. Because they have recognize their brand name globally. Retailers only can operate a small business, they do not have enough capital besides that they lack of good relationships with the supplies, and therefore they do not have the strength to compete with IKEA. Therefore the threat of new entrant is high, if competitors want toÂÂ  invest a lot in their business for a long term. Threats of substitutes As the styles are changing according to trends. The industry move from wood to plywood, plastics even iron. As the market is becoming more concerned about environment friendly therefore many firms are practice for go green. As the basic functional demand of customers have remain the same.ÂÂ  Therefore there are no threats of substitutes. Internal environment: Training Giving employee 2 weeks of training before start work. Training is being conducted by senior manager and learning and development trainers from IKEA stores across the country. Incentive and benefits Full time employees are given full medical and dental insurance (include spouse and family members.) Paid maternity or paternity leave Employees are entitle to a discount on purchase in IKEA Salary IKEA abolish junior pay rate and introduce a new pay structure whereby ensuring one rate of pay each position regardless time with IKEA or age. Human Resources IKEA recruit employee through interview HR does the recruitment and training for the advantage of IKEA. HR is held responsible to maintain and reinforce the culture in IKEA. IKEA employees come from different background that is being shared to develop and transform their vision into a reality. HR needs to ensure that employees and managers are capable of working together towards attracting, expanding, and stimulating a pleasurable work experience. Change in Leadership Style Transformational leadership which include 4 elements. /democratic and paternalistic style. /autocratic leadership style Intellectual stimulation Inspirational motivation Individualize consideration Idealize influence Internal management IKEA practice informal management style. IKEA have to adapt their business style according to the countries culture. Performance appraisal This is the process whereby the employer evaluates the employee based on their job performance during a specified amount of time. Employee that achieves a good performance shall be rewarded accordingly. IKEA practices VOICE and leadership index too

Lesson Plans for Educators :: Teaching Technology Internet Essays

Lesson Plans for Educators I will be graduating with a Liberal Studies Major. I will hopefully be teaching in September but I have a dilemma, I am afraid of not having enough lessons to get me started. My other fear is not having fun lessons to teach. I work at an Elementary school now and there is a teacher that I work with that doesn't know the meaning of fun activities that can provide great knowledge from them. I will never forget my favorite teacher, Mr. Protho. He loved making our class a fun and exciting place to be. We would do Shakespeare plays throughout the year. He could take any subject and make it fun. Still to this day I call and ask him for advice when making lesson plans for school. There are many resources where one who is becoming a teacher can find. There are books, magazines, in-services, seminars, other people and of course the Internet. The Internet is something that I was quite afraid of because of the fact that it was foreign to me. New territory is something that frightens me. I have used the Internet for reasons such as research for papers but not for pleasure. I have heard a lot of controversy about the Internet and how people pretend they are someone else and fool children and other people whom they are chatting with. For this reason, I am quite hesitant to try talking to people in the chat rooms. I am hoping that the Internet can provide me with lesson plans and other activities that I can use in the classroom. Trying to connect to Netscape from home was very difficult. I had many problems connecting and no one to ask. I gave up and ran to school to use the computers there. The computer finally worked at CSUN. I used the engine server named Yahoo. I typed "educational lesson plans". It gave me 33 files. I began searching them to find the one with the most lessons to choose from. The first couple of them were not very helpful. I began to think that this is not going to be easy topic and maybe I should switch topics. But I told myself be patient and continue looking. I finally decided to go around the topic and just type "LAUSD" which gave me the web site. I entered the web site and found a lot of information about the LAUSD system but no lesson plans.

Should tattoos be accepted in the workplace?

People say perception is everything. Potential employers judge people based on physical appearance, as do peers, potential mates, and clients. Tattoos are a big issue concerning how people judge appearance. While they can be offensive to coworkers and customers, tattoos should not be judged in the workplace because they are a way of expressing yourself, or your culture. â€Å"The tattooing craze spread to upper classes all over Europe in the nineteenth century. † (Global Oneness). Some feel tattoos were made for acupuncture relieving pain from joints.Other ideas range from social status and ritual markings to tribal marks or simple preference. â€Å"Tattooing has been practiced worldwide. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, traditionally wore facial tattoos. Today one can find Berbers of Tamazgha of North Africa, Maori of New Zealand, and Atayal of Taiwan with facial tattoos. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples and among certain tribal groups in the Taiwan , Philippines, Borneo, Mentawai Islands, Africa, North America, South America, Mesoamerica, Europe, Japan,Cambodia, New Zealand and Micronesia.Despite some taboos surrounding tattooing, the art continues to be popular in many parts of the world. † (â€Å"Tattoos,† 2009) Taking their sartorial lead from the British Court, where King Edward VII followed King George V's lead in getting tattooed; King Frederik IX of Denmark, the King of Romania, Kaiser Wilhelm II, King Alexandar of Yugoslavia and even Czar Nicholas of Russia, all sported tattoos, many of them elaborate and ornate renditions of the Royal Coat of Arms or the Royal Family Crest. King Alfonso of modern Spain also has a tattoo. (Global Oneness). In present-day society, tattoos are becoming more common.In the USA many prisoners and criminal gangs use distinctive tattoos to indicate facts about their criminal behavior, prison sentences, and organizational affiliation. (Global Oneness). Body Art is a form of commun ication that is as old as the human race itself. Cultures around the world have used tattoos for religious, social, and spiritual reasons playing a significant role in setting a culture's morals and behavior patterns. However, many people used to associate the Bible, which states â€Å"Do not cut your bodies for the dead or put tattoo marks on yourselves. I am the LORD.† (Leviticus 19:27-29, Bible). Some religious beliefs are slightly different. For example, the fundamentalist Christians believe that one should not have tattoos because they are a â€Å"pagan practice. † Catholics however, believe marking yourself with tattoos is a personal choice open for personal interpretation. In the Jewish faith, marking one's body with tattoos has been thought to be such a desecration of the body that often times a tattooed individual could be denied burial in a Jewish cemetery. People tend to judge others by what the Bible has instructed us to believe.Tattoos are a way of express ing yourself individually. They are seen on entertainers, athletes and public figures. Author Jack London writes, â€Å"Show me a man with a tattoo and I'll show you a man with an interesting past. † Peggy Burke, dean of education and graduate studies, said tattoos can have a devastating effect on job opportunities in the education field. She also states, â€Å"Schools are extremely conservative institutions, and most parents consider teachers to be role models for their children,† she wrote in an e-mail.â€Å"Anything the school administrator views as a distraction in the classroom is very likely a negative factor. † As we move past our school years, we tend to look at role models in different views. Most forget their teachers and look for others as a role model. More than half the military members, athletes, and entertainers have tattoos. So the question is, why do people view them differently concerning tattoos? If teachers are considered role models, why sho uld they be judged on their appearances when they tend to have the same look as military members, athletes, and entertainers.Coworkers and customers see tattoos in different ways when dealing with business. Tattoos are much more acceptable in the gym than in the office. When dealing with stocks and bonds or selling real estate, tattoos might draw people away. Potential clients may be intimidated and lack confidence in your abilities as a professional. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology published in June 2006, about half of people in their 20s have either a tattoo or a body piercing other than traditional earrings.That figure, which is higher than the national average, is growing, said Anne Laumann, the study's co-author and a dermatologist at Northwestern University. Some employers are updating their dress codes while others are adding new rules to cover up tattoos. The problem that can arise is that the old stereotypes are being challenged and leading to lawsuits. Emplo yers are saying that in 10 years it may change, but suit-and-tie businesses may not. These types of employers are drawn more to the conservative type of dress codes.Qualifications should speak for themselves. In this day and age people are becoming more used to the ideas rather than relying on the past. When someone looks at you, they are not just looking at appearances anymore. They look at you as a person. It's about what's inside that matters the most. Almost everyone has something to bring to the table. That's why companies should look past appearances and look at the work done. Working with people with tattoos is no different from working with someone without tattoos.It doesn't make them less qualified. Looks are the first criteria we have to assess a person. We tend to feel comfortable around people who look like us. We believe that possessing tattoos makes someone a mean or dangerous person. The most important reason tattoos should not affect the workplace is because people s hould not be judged on their appearance but on their quality of work. Companies around the world are now starting to develop a more relaxed dress code for people with tattoos.This will help in getting more qualified people in the company without judging people on appearances but on their qualifications. All around businesses will get smarter and open up more jobs for people in need. Although tattoos can be offensive not only to coworkers but customers as well, tattoos should not affect the workplace for two main reasons. First, tattoos are a way of expressing yourself individually and should not be thought of as degrading one's self. But most importantly, people should not be judged on their appearance but on their quality of work.

The Roman Coliseum essays

The Roman Coliseum essays We always admire great structures of the past. Its amazing that without modern technology these huge, intricate buildings could be erected. The Roman Coliseum is an example of these ancient structures. Building of the Coliseum began c. 72 AD by Emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD by Vespasians son Titus. The name coliseum came to be because the Coliseum was next to a colossal statue of Nero. The original name of the huge structure was The Amphiteatrum Flavium. (The Coliseum of Ancient Rome p 1) When the arena was completely built emperor Titus inaugurated it with a blood bath. For 100 days the arena shook with the roar of 50,000 people, the death of gladiators, and the wild screams of 5,000 animals. This parade of killing lasted 4 centuries in spite of Christian protest. (National Geographic Society pg. 451) The Coliseum was over 160 feet high and had 80 entrances. It could hold nearly 50,000 people who came to watch gladiator fights and wild animal hunts. Throughout the course of these fights as many as 10,000 people were killed. (The Coliseum of Ancient Rome p. 1) The first level was 34 feet high and the arches were 23 feet high and 14 feet wide. On the second level the height was 38 feet and the arches were 21 feet high and 14 feet wide. The third level was 37 feet high and the arches were 21 feet high and 14 feet wide. The top level was 45 feet high and had no arches at all. Each of the levels with arches had 80 passageways. ( The Colosseum p. 1) A majority of the shows in the Coliseum lasted all day beginning with comedic contests and animal shows in the morning. Professional gladiator events followed in the afternoon. Death played a major role in the shows. The gladiators who were prisoners, slaves, or criminals fought one another or wild animals usually until the death. Gladiators may have used nets, swords, fir ...

When and How People Learned to Make Cloth

When and How People Learned to Make Cloth Textiles, to archaeologists anyway, can mean woven cloth, bags, nets, basketry, string-making, cord impressions in pots, sandals, or other objects created out of organic fibers. This technology is at least 30,000 years old, although preservation of the textiles themselves is rare in prehistory, so it may be quite a bit older still. Because textiles are perishable, often the oldest evidence of the use of textiles is implied from impressions left in burned clay or the presence of weaving-related tools such as awls, loom weights, or spindle whorls. Preservation of intact fragments of cloth or other textiles has known to occur when archaeological sites are in extreme conditions of cold, wet or dry; when fibers come into contact with metals such as copper; or when textiles are preserved by accidental charring. Discovery of Early Textiles The oldest example of textiles yet identified by archaeologists is at the Dzudzuana Cave in the former Soviet state of Georgia. There, a handful of flax fibers was discovered that had been twisted, cut and even dyed a range of colors. The fibers were radiocarbon-dated to between 30,000-36,000 years ago. Much of the early use of cloth began with making string. The earliest string-making to date was identified at the Ohalo II site in modern Israel, where three fragments of twisted and plied plant fibers were discovered and dated to 19,000 years ago. The Jomon culture in Japan - believed to be among the earliest pottery makers in the world - shows evidence of cord-making in the form of impressions in ceramic vessels from Fukui Cave that are dated to roughly 13,000 years ago. Archaeologists chose the word Jomon to refer to this ancient hunter-gather culture because it means cord-impressed. The occupation layers discovered at Guitarrero Cave in the Andes mountains of Peru contained agave fibers and textile fragments that were dated to about 12,000 years ago. Thats the oldest evidence of textile use in the Americas to date. The earliest example of cordage in North America is at Windover Bog in Florida, where the special circumstances of the bog chemistry preserved textiles (among other things) dated to 8,000 years ago. Silk making, which is made from thread derived from insect cases rather than plant material, was invented during the Longshan period in China, ca 3500-2000 BCE. Finally, one extremely important (and unique in the world) use of string in South America was as quipu, a system of communication composed of knotted and dyed cotton and llama wool string used by many South American civilizations at least 5,000 years ago.

A Comparison of Chuang Tzu's Ideas of Life and Death with those of Essay

A Comparison of Chuang Tzu's Ideas of Life and Death with those of Socrates - Essay Example You-Sheng revisited the Chuang Tzu’s argument that through the inaction of heaven, which is purity and that of the earth, which is space, things are brought to existence and are transformed mysteriously (You-Sheng, 2005, p. 14). He went further to explain that it is through this inaction that the living things have the mercy to grow and develop. One is born by chance, but once alive, death is imminent. Therefore, the essay is a comparison of Chuang Tzu ideas of life and death with those of Socrates. Chuang Tzu Ideas of Life and Death Watson examined Chuang Tzu’s basic writings to outline his ideas about life and death. He argues that during old age, the mind comes closer to death and probably nothing could restore the life to light (Watson, 1996, p. 32). Significantly, this comes as an automatic consequence of aging; therefore no one should be afraid of death. As a result, the people are in constant struggle and worry during their life, because they have to toil for the ir daily bread, and think that at one time, the life would be terminated (Watson, 1996, p. 32). Life and death, according to Tzu are fated and bound to happen (Watson, 1996, p. 76). In this regard, he equates their relationship to the succession between dark and down, through compulsion. As the dark nears its end, a new dawn succeeds it, meaning that as life nears its end, death dawns (Watson, 1996, p. 76). ... 77). In essence, he attributes death to a means of change, and since everything is constantly changing, no one has the capability of preventing the change from changing. Therefore, we should accept the facts related to change, and welcome it when it reaches, and there would not be anything to fear about death. Moreover, according to his conviction, in the beginning and end, early death, old age, and at all levels of human development, he/she should be delightful (Watson, 1996, p. 77). Apparently, the belief makes us believe that life that life and death are equal, not any important than the other (You-Sheng, 2005, p. 37). As well, the argument suggests that the people should be aware that at one moment, perhaps after birth, he/she is bound to die, through whichever means. Therefore, he attributed death to an automatic exit from the known world to unknown world, where only Tao has good knowledge about (You-Sheng, 2005, p. 39). Drawing from the Masters’ agreement, he argues that this is something that one should believe (Watson, 1996, p. 80). This is justified from his acknowledgement that non-being is actually someone’s head, life is someone’s back and death is someone’s rump. In another controversial question, he wanted to know whether life and death are all one body (Watson, 1996, p. 80). In reality, there is a common belief that once a person is dead, the aspects of life cease to manifest on the body. The body becomes helpless, lifeless and useless to perform any function. Therefore, life and death, despite being very far apart from one another, are simply one. For instance, life results to death and they can never manifest together, each does distinctively. He also put

Finacial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Finacial management - Essay Example Therefore, as a matter of investment objectives, the study turns to somewhat outrule the relevance of Payback Period, Internal rate of return (IRR) and Overall rate of return (ORR) investment appraisal techniques and invites to focus on Life-Cycle/Whole life Cost Analysis (LCCA/WLCA), NPV, Net Benefits (NB) and Net Savings (NS), Benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) and Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) appraisal techniques. Term 'somewhat' in this case refers to the existence of profit-bearing or cash inflow-bearing opportunities connected with letting office space to another governmental institution (department (A)) for a rent paid yearly. There are many methods available to calculate specific economic performance measures. Used appropriately, these methods allow the investor to analyze the economic consequences of particular decisions and fairly evaluate alternative approaches. The various economic analysis methods include: Net Benefits (NB) and Net Savings (NS) are analytical methods used to describe time-adjusted economic benefits or savings between competing alternatives. NB is used to examine how costs of competing alternatives impact investment opportunities (e.g. ... NB is used to examine how costs of competing alternatives impact investment opportunities (e.g. real estate income or factory output) measured in positive outcomes relative to a base case. The NS method is the NB method recast to fit the situation where there are no important benefits in terms of revenue, but there are reductions in future costs (savings). Benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) and Savings-to-investment ratio (SIR) are numerical ratios whose size indicates the economic performance of an investment. For example, a BCR of 1.5 means that one can expect to realize $1.50 for every $1.00 invested in the project over and above the required (baseline) rate of return. A primary application of BCR and SIR is to set funding priorities among competing projects when there is a limited overall program budget. Internal rate of return (IRR) is a measure of the annual percentage yield on investment. The IRR is compared against the investor's minimum acceptable rate of return to determine the economic attractiveness of the investment. This often misunderstood method is primarily used in Pro forma analysis in industrial and financial circles. Overall rate of return (ORR) is the annual yield from a project over the study period, taking into account reinvestment of interim receipts. Project earnings and earnings from reinvestment are accumulated to the end of the study period and set equal to the present value of cost to compute the ORR. This method offers another means of analyzing and ranking the economic performance expectations of competing alternatives. Discounted payback (DPB) and Simple payback (SPB) measure the time required to recover investment costs. If one ignores the time value of money (assume a zero discount rate), the method is called

Jamar Dynamometer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Jamar Dynamometer - Assignment Example William A. Hammond MD sought after lifting up the condition of neurologists on top of that of universal practitioners, partially by the utilization of complicated tools like that of the handgrip dynamometer in addition to dynamograph. The community who invented these machines was time and again the individuals who utilized them, like that of the Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, Dr. William Hammond and Sir Francis Galton. There is limited information in relation to early on potency evaluation tools. a large number of the prehistoric writings have been mislaid throughout the wars in which the libraries have been damaged, like that of the library within Alexandria, which at its climax around 330 B.C. is alleged to have infatuated more than 700,000 papyrus rolls . The main objective of this assignment is to be able to create a document containing details regarding the assessment of grip strength using a Jamar Dynamometer as a standardized tool and Manual Muscle Strength as a non-standardized tool. Lately the American Society of Hand Therapists signified that a consistent arm positioning for hand strength tests, accomplished that the position of the upper limit may manipulate measurements, moreover suggested that the patient ought to be sitting with his shoulder objectively revolved, elbow bend at 90' plus the forearm with wrist in neutral position. While checking the capricious of wrist position, (RW, 1990) established no important variation in grip strength by test positions at 0' also 15' ulnar variation, 0' with 15' dorsiflexion, or else whichever grouping of these. The Jamar dynamometer had the maximum calibration accurateness of all the instruments checked. In most of the cases the arm ought to not be sustained by the inspector or else by a support. For grip strength determination, the dynamometer is placed vertically also in stripe with the forearm to preserve the typical forearm also wrist positions. For reliability, the handle of Jamar dynamometer is fixed at the seco nd handle position 3.8 cm for all the subjects. The protocol: To reduce the influences of the body position upon grip strength assessments, the normal protocol recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists was utilized. With reference to them, a subject must be sitting within a straight backside chair with no arm rests amid the feet flat on the flooring, the shoulder within a neutral rotation as well as flexion. The elbow ought to be contracted to 900 by the forearm also wrist within neutral position. The protocol for the management of the dynamometer in the estimation of the grip strength together with the description of how to formulate the finest utilization of the calculated indexes, for experimental documentation functions together with

Music vs. Book Essay Example for Free

Music vs. Book Essay Books and music are not a direct comparison normally but when it comes to youngsters and their lives both have a very strong influence. When we are bored, it is the time we listen to music or read a book. These two are the common things we are doing in our leisure time. People should be influenced by music and book. Music can have both a positive as well as negative impact on an individual’s life. The nature and kind of music defines that what type of message they render on the youngster. While books of any type give you either eye opening or well meaning but misguided information on subjects ranging from the simplest subjects to the more sophisticated. Books can even be used by those who are looking for answers in life. Many people report finding the perfect book to answer the burning questions in their minds. Books are more limited: fiction like novels and short stories and non-fiction like memoir, history, biography, self help, and philosophy. Reading books require a larger share of our time. We cannot also do another thing while reading a book. We cannot read a book while washing clothes. Books are more intellectually stimulating and has bigger journey than music. On the contrary, music doesnt answer questions by itself. Music answers feeling or disturbed emotions looking for an outlet. It exists in an extraordinarily wide array of genres and styles like vocal music (song, choral music, and opera), solo instrumental, chamber, orchestral, band and etc. We will listen to the music we love countless times over the course of our lives. We can multitask while listening to music. We can listen to music while running or washing clothes. Music are more passion and emotional than books. Whether you want to listen to music or read a book, they can both give positive and negative influences, affect all kinds of age groups, and cause different views of the world.

Separates Science From All Other Human Activities Philosophy Essay

Separates Science From All Other Human Activities Philosophy Essay Science is distinguished for its changeable nature of conclusions. It addresses the method  used to reach conclusions; the ideas of verification, falsification, and the thought that science presents its theories with a degree of probability. The conclusions in science are conditional because currently they are considered to be true, but according to the nature of the science, they are subject to change. Science is defined as knowledge gained by systematic experimentation and analysis (Munday). What distinguishes the sciences from other areas is a very different method of finding truth. The definition of truth in this case is what works in practice or is useful to us because science is heavily based on the pragmatic theory (Munday). The question is perhaps misleading since it doesnt mention which type of science is implied; natural science, human science, or ethical science Science is a provisional human activity; this can be observed when comparing areas of knowledge in terms of pr ovisional conclusions. Science is a practice where truth is supported through experimentation and observations. It is a posteriori knowledge, meaning that it is knowledge that is derived from experience or empirical evidence. People state that science is based on too many assumptions, and the rules always change, therefore, we should employ other ways of knowing such as our perception. In my view, the main reason we should appreciate this way of knowing; the conclusions of science are changeable. These regular changes show that even though we might never find out the truth, we are progressing in subjects such as biology, physics, chemistry, etc. However, by expressing it as a pragmatic way of knowing, we can see that science is about discovering the truth. This truth may not be the perfect truth such as outlined by Plato with his idea of ideal forms. This truth is more concerned with value or usefulness. Within the history of science, scientific laws and theories have been changed or have been disproved. F or example, there was a cubical atom theory that stated that all atoms had a shape of a cube (Munday). This theory was disproved by many scientists such as Bohr and Rutherford (Munday). We now have a different prediction of what the atom is due to quantum mechanics (Munday). However, if you take account of Quantum Theory, then even the conclusions about the physical world become highly provisional reality is no longer deterministic and mechanistic, and some of our conclusions about this reality end up being provisional. Scientific knowledge is derived from the use of a precise, rigorous method that involves inductive logic. For example, if I observe that water always boils at 100 °C when I am cooking (Arnhart), I assume that this will always be the case (induction). However, if I were to boil water in Denver, Colorado, a location 1.6 km above sea level, I would discover that the water now boils at 94 °C, as the pressure on the liquid is reduced (Arnhart). As we can see, the ind uctive component of the scientific method can sometimes lead to an incorrect hypothesis. Even if a scientific theory has been rigorously tested one million times there is always the possibility that an exception will be found, and hence the theory falsified. Karl Popper acknowledged this problem and suggested that a hypothetical deductive method should be used, whereby false hypotheses are discarded through trials and disproof (Arnhart). This means we cannot prove a theory is correct; we can only prove that a hypothesis is false. Thus we can never know that a scientific theory is true; the reason why scientific conclusions are provisional. For instance, a scientist is trying to find a cure for cancer, but instead finds out how a persons brain works, he still expands our knowledge of all the things around us, even though that scientist was trying to find a different answer. This usefulness always reshapes our knowledge since it brings in new ideas and models that attempt to explain t he patterns that are all around us and where conclusions are made according to the current knowledge. Our knowledge is available to adapt by being provisional. With science, we accept our limitations of todays instruments, and we analyze the situation and what we can potentially do for further knowledge or experimentation. Science doesnt stop improving our customs of experimenting even though we know we cant reach the perfect truth (Plato) making it provisional even if it may seem to be currently true. Science is so relied upon for this reason that it advances our society. One of the main differences between the Natural and Human Sciences (ethics, history) is the object of study: while the Natural Sciences observe and experiment on the world of nature, the Human Sciences focus more on human behaviour. Humans are, arguably, less predictable and stable than the natural world, so the conclusions about our behaviour should be more provisional than the conclusions reached. Although science is the answer to many of our disputes, it is based mostly on theoretical predictions, and that creates a fallacy. For example, scientists in a university have made a device to clean and purify water for the people in South Africa and they have sent it to Africa (Arnhart). Once the device was in use, it killed 45% of the people in 3 weeks. A study relived that the filter used did stop Cysts (bacteria) from going through initially but these bacteria started to grow inside the filter clogging the filter. Nothing was noticed because the bacteria were so small, and the pressur e of the water squeezed the 4.5 micron bacteria into the 1 micron holes of the filter. In theory, filter was a valid device to use to clean the water but when in application is failed. These predictions are based on theoretical assumptions. Even though our limitations can be accurate even, this accuracy is not perfect; we try to achieve the best at finding a conclusion. Yet, the uncertainty of the conclusion can still prove it false, and so the science turns provisional. Math is a very different area of knowledge. The only difference today is that math is much more complex in applications of basic principles. The definition of math is the system of quantities, forms, space and their relationships in use of numbers and symbols.   The Egyptians came up with simple functions such as addition. These functions are still useful since we substitute symbols to represent difference concepts in reality. The symbols and applications might differ, but the expressions stay the same. The ancient Greeks used symbols rather than numbers; equations, they came up with were the same. One may deduce that math is not a provisional subject. In many ways, math is the foundation of other areas of knowledge such as analysis and measurement in sciences. In some cases, wed never find out more about certain topics. For instance, the string theory can only be proven with math because physically we cant comprehend eleven dimensions. Multiplication will not change over time comp ared to a scholar learning how his brain works- he will soon have to update his knowledge because what we know in the field of science always changes. Today, scientists try to link the missing puzzle pieces; however, once a scientist connects a puzzle to the whole picture, and it is perceived to be the correct placement, then more and more questions arise. Furthermore, in math, once something is proved, it is no longer contested. For example, today nobody should argue that two multiplied by five is not ten. Math, arguably, is a human construct; it is up to us to make up symbols that would represent the patterns that we encounter. The knowledge and conclusions of math arent that provisional but its application is. Like science, art has many changing conclusions. When a person looks at a picture, he invariably interprets it and evaluates it. However, when a different individual looks at the same picture, he might interpret it in a very different way. These interpretations can vary because of many aspects. Ones age, for example; there is a painting of a cow (Arnhart). An elder might think of it as a source of meat, while a boy might see a joy ride (Arnhart). Thus each person has concluded on a different interpretation and this uncertainly on which is the true conclusion makes the art as a area of knowledge provisional. Generally, conclusions in art are based on the frames of reference of the person that is evaluating the art piece with a personal experience or posteriori knowledge. Thus, art is provisional in nature because even one painting might have different conclusions based on it. By comparing math, sciences, and art one can see that the knowledge gained from the sciences change; however, it is not the only subject that is provisional, that is shown through subjects such as art and history. Even one art piece can have many conclusions associated with it. The statement what separates science from all other human activities is its belief in the provisional nature of all conclusions (Michael Shermer, www.edge.com) is only partly true since science is provisional; however, that doesnt separate it from all other human activities. Math is an example of a static subject whereas, science is a subject open to debates and updates. We might think that sciences are not important to us since what we know now as the truth always changes; however, we must understand that a person who is confident that he knows everything will never learn. Through science we accept that our knowledge is limited, and we strive to improve what we already have. Even though some scientific knowle dge is considered be truth, it is still provisional since science is focused on disproving predictions and not on gathering enough evidence to make the conclusion valid or sound. Without science, one may argue, we would never achieve the advancements that we are fortunate to have today. Word Count: 1652

Heritage as an Idea of Oneself in Bless Me Ultima and The Lone Ranger a

Heritage as an Idea of Oneself in Bless Me Ultima and The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Traveling through humanity is a never-ending story.   Traveling through ethnicity is an ever changing journey.   Is race or culture a matter of color?   Is it a way of life;   or a decision an individual makes?   Is it an idea one has of themselves?   In the novels, Bless Me Ultima (Anaya 1972) and The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (Alexie 1993), two different minority characters, Tony and Victor, give voice to their journey of growing up and finding their place in the world in regards to their heritage. The characters, in Anaya's and Alexie's novels, relate to a dominant culture, pursue balance in their life by searching traditions of the past, and attempt to blend their heritage into the present allowing them passage to the future.   Their journeys differ in respect to heritage and family situation.   Their journeys parallel considering that they are both male, belong to a minority, seek individual identity, and search for their place on the planet.   Each seeks peace within and without.   Although, their journeys are different, they are the same. The characters in the two novels, belong to two different cultures.   In Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me Ultima, the young, Mexican-American Anthony Juan Marez y Luna (Tony) struggles between two ways of being a Spanish-Mexican-American while also dealing with the dominant white culture.  Ã‚   Tony's mother and father, although both born in New Mexico, come from two different cultures.   His father, a Marez, comes from a long line of Spanish "conquistadores, men as restless as the seas they sailed and as free as the land they conquered" (Anaya 6).   Tony's mother, a Luna, comes fr... ... America, 1982.   80-167. Meacham, Jon. "Redefining Race in America."   Newsweek September 2000:   38-41. Mitchell, Carol. "Rudolfo Anaya's Bless Me, Ultima:   Folk Culture in Literature." Critique:   Studies in Modern Fiction. 17.1 1980, 55-64. Smoke Signals.   Dir. Chris Eyre.   With Adam Beach and Evan Adams. Miramax/Shadowcatcher.   Prod. Larry Estes and Scott Rosenfelt. 1997. Tonn, Horst.   "Bless Me, Ultima:   A Fictional Response to Times of Transition." Aztlan, 18.1 1987, 59-68. White, Craig.   "American Minority Literature."   Handout.   University of Houston-Clear Lake.   Houston. 24 August 2000. - - - - - "American Minority Literature."   Notes.   27 September 2000. Yancey, William L.   Ericksen, Eugene P.; and Juliani, Richard N.   "Emergent Ethnicity:   A Review and Reformulation." American Sociological Review 41.3 1976: 391-403.      

Investigation for Magnesium Oxide

Hypothesis – The idea I aim to test in this experiment is the relationship between the mass of magnesium and mass of oxygen once the magnesium has been heated and reacted with the oxygen. There will be 3 variables in this experiment. The independent variable will be the mass of magnesium ribbon as different measurements will be taken and used for each trial. The dependant variable will be the mass of Magnesium Oxide, this is a measured variable as the mass of oxygen can be calculated and will enable us to determine the formula for Magnesium Oxide. The controlled variable is that the Magnesium used is possibly from the same ribbon and after being cut into lengths was stored in the same way in plastic containers. Preliminary – I originally did a preliminary test with Iron wool where we used a similar method but Testthe iron wool was held over the flame by tongs and not contained within a crucible. We learnt from this experiment the importance of the crucible to contain all of the metal for an accurate test because the iron wool broke off as it heated and we were left with a lot of the iron wool on the bench mats around the Bunsen burner so our calculation of the mass of iron oxide was not accurate as we had not contained all the wool and couldn’t accurately collect the pieces around that had come away, therefore no giving a true mass of Iron Oxide. Prediction – I predict that when the magnesium and the Oxygen combine and react together the magnesium will oxidise and become heavier. I expect to see a straight line pattern from these results as I believe the more Magnesium there is the more Oxygen it will take on to form the Magnesium Oxide and so believe the results should gradually get heavier and heavier as the Magnesium gets heavier and heavier. The equation for this investigation would be Mg + O2 ?MgO which would balance as 2Mg + O2 ? 2MgO. This is done as the Oxygen has two molecules which would need two Magnesium molecules to balance it out. The physical changes I expect to take place are heat and light as I expect the Magnesium to change colour as it is heated up and reacts with the Oxygen. The Chemical changes I expect to take place are that a new substance will be made and a new formula will be formed. A new substance will be made in the form of smoke and the new formula will be MgO. Apparatus – *Goggles*Crucible and Lid *Bench Mat*Tongs *Tripod*Varied lengths of Magnesium ribbon *Bunsen burner*Scales *Pipe-clay triangle*200g weight Method – All the apparatus was set up to ensure that the experiment was carried out safely. Goggles were worn and the bench mat was put in place in case any sparks or parts of the experiment went wrong to protect our eyes and the work surface. The tripod and pipe clay triangle were used to keep the crucible safely above the heat. The Bunsen burner was used to heat the magnesium and was set to a fierce blue flame. The crucible held the Magnesium above the Bunsen burner, and the lid contained as much smoke as possible to help the reaction to take place. The crucible lid and tongs were used to occasionally let in the oxygen and then replace the lid safely. The apparatus was set up as above and as per the diagram to being the experiment. I first checked the scales using a 200g weight to check their accuracy. When I weighed the 200g weight on the scales prior to the experiment the scales weighed in at 1. 038kg however, as this was a large weight by comparison to my crucible I didn’t account for this slight measurement in my results as I decided it would make the calculations too low as my crucible was only a fraction of the weight of 200g and so for the purposes of this experiment wouldn’t alter my results enough to justify it. I then measured the crucible without the lid to find out its mass (22. 27g), once recorded I then measured the Magnesium ribbon (0. 9g) I then measured the two together to check the accuracy and got a mass of 22. 56g which meant my previous measurements were reliable. The next step was to put the crucible with the magnesium inside and the lid on onto the pipe clay triangle above the fierce blue flame of the Bunsen burner. The lid remained on only except for occasionally lifting it and quickly replacing it to let more oxygen into the magnesium but to t ry and keep as much smoke in as possible. Once the Magnesium Oxide stopped smoking when the lid was lifted the experiment was complete and I turned off the flame and left the crucible to cool. Once cooled I weighed the crucible with the newly formed Magnesium oxide (22. 72g) and then was able to subtract my previous figure of 22. 56g from this to give a difference of 0. 16g. This 0. 16g was my mass of Oxygen. Results – It can be seen from the results that there is a direct relationship between the mass of Magnesium to start with and the mass of Oxygen in the Magnesium Oxide. Using my results I worked out the ratio between Magnesium and Oxygen, from these results it suggests that the ratio is 1. 2 moles of Magnesium to 1 mole of Oxygen. However you cannot have 1. of an atom and so these results can be rounded up to a ratio of 1:1 which would reflect the equation I had predicted of MgO. Conclusion – The mass of Magnesium got heavier in my experiment by 0. 16g because the Magnesium joined with the Oxygen. Other students’ result ranged from 0. 09 – 0. 46 and apart from one anomalous result the heavier the Magnesium was the higher the mass of Oxygen was. Each measure of Magnesium was only tried once and each measurement was done by an individual and so this may account for the random errors in our findings as shown on the graph, but overall our results were fairly evenly spread. From the results I was able to plot a straight line graph by using a line of best fit; which ran parallel to the theoretical line of best fit. My predictions for this experiment were right as the results show that the more Magnesium ribbon that was used the more oxygen was needed to react with it and so the gradient was steady at about a 450 angle gradually increasing in mass as the Magnesium mass increased. I would say there was one anomalous result as it was significantly below the line of best fit but this can be put down to a number of things such as different scales being used, different people doing each result or simple human error. Our line of best fit was slightly below the theoretical line of best fit for this experiment and I mainly believe this could be due to a systematic error such as the scales we used not being precisely accurate. This may however account for the systematic error of the line of best fit being lower than the theoretical line as that slight change along with random errors may have lowered the results; but the results were still valid as the line of best fit was parallel to the theoretical line meaning we had a constant of the scales being slightly light. As can be seen from the results of our Spearman’s rho and Chi Tests our results were within % of the theoretical results and so this suggests we did an accurate and valid test. We did the Spearman’s rho test as this is a measure of the linear relationship between the two variables and shows us that there is a connection between our results and the theoretical ones. The Spearman’s Rho test shows the accuracy of our res ults and our calculation came in at 98. 7% so it proves our results were very accurate. We did the Chi squared test as this determined whether there was a significant different between the theoretical frequencies and the observed/practical frequencies comparing the validity of the results. At least 95% result in the Chi-squared test would prove to be valid and our result was 99. 99% so it shows our results were definitely valid according to the chi-squared test. We did the Spearman’s and Chi-squared tests via the Excel calculations as shown on the table of results. Evaluation – Overall our results were very accurate but there were some random and systematic errors which could be reduced or resolved if we did further experiments. We could have done re-tests for all the Magnesium masses and taken a mean average of those results to get a more accurate reading this would possibly have reduced any systematic errors. I made the test fair by taking the measurements of the crucible and lid and keeping them the same so that I can compare the results between the Magnesium and Oxygen. Also if the same person had carried out each experiment instead of each student doing a different measurement it may have been more accurate as the method may have changed slightly between each student, for example, one person may have lifted the lid a lot more frequently of for longer periods than another. The difference in the scales will also account for the systematic error as shown on the graph. Also the amount of smoke which was let out during each experiment will have varied between each student as the results were being gathered individually and the amount of smoke which escaped may account for some random errors within our results which is why our results are not all as in line as the theoretical results. And e had to find a line of best fit rather than a clear line which went through each individual result as the theory would suggest. If I were to do this experiment again I would repeat the tests with each mass of Magnesium and take a mean average so as to achieve a more accurate result I would also ensure that each mass of magnesium was the same; as in our experiment some students coiled the Magnesium up in the crucible and others ripped it into little strips. By placing the Magnesium in the crucible in different ways it may affect how much oxygen can get to the ribbon, if it is coiled up for example it may need to be prodded and moved to allow all the Magnesium to have exposure to the Oxygen whereas the smaller strips may be more exposed without as much intervention. On both accounts though if you do need to prod the magnesium in that time you may be letting a lot of smoke out as the lid would obviously need to be off the crucible and so this would also need to be taken into consideration. This is why if the magnesium was placed in the crucible in exactly the same way it would make the results more accurate. To take it one step further you could time the lifting of the lid to make it more accurate, for example, lifting it every 30 seconds for a period of say 2 seconds would mean that each mass of Magnesium would be getting the same time exposed to the oxygen and so a more accurate reading of the amount of Oxygen it gains would be achieved if this was carried out with a stop watch. Also if I were to improve the investigation for next time I would increase the number of Magnesium Masses used to gain a more accurate result and having more results would also make any anomalous results stand out and also expose more random and systematic errors which could be dealt with.

cyber ethics essays

cyber ethics essays The article I choose was written by Jennifer Howland and encompasses her familys views to the Recording Industry Association of America lawsuit of 261 people, including teens, elderly, occasional downloaders, and frequent downloaders of music. Mrs. Howland has two daughters whose life is based around the computer. Everything from socializing, to gaming, to music listening. Her daughters share music files with their friends like most teens, but after the lawsuit from RIAA Mr. Howland had to end usage of P2P programs which enabled the girls to share music with their friends. He noted that one of the teens sued had to settle for $2,000, and with one of his daughters off to college soon he has no room for financial missteps. Jennifer then notes that she ordered here children not to download for fear of not getting sued, not because she thought the action its self was wrong. She was telling them that it wasnt the principle thats important, its the consequences themselves. She then raises the issue that the music industry tries to increase our sense of compunction by arguing that downloaders are, in effect, stealing musicians livelihoods. Yet, many artist including David Bowie, and countless smaller band tend to believe that it creates a medium for further exposure. With the smaller band you can sample a song or two, and if you like it find out where they are touring next, or purchases the CD outright. I tend to agree with this style of though. I have downloaded my share of music, mostly music that doesnt have a market in this area just yet, but when I stumble across something new that I like, I look into touring dates, and album info. I believe that this is a great way to increase exposure of bands that get little radio play, or just havent made the leap to being signed by a record label. As far as the bigger bands out there that have Made It what ...