Essay on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Economies of scale Essays

Economies of scale Essays Economies of scale Essay Economies of scale Essay As can be seen from the data above Granada has been losing cash as of late, with a negative net benefit (I 132), this implies it has no overall revenue, and a negative profit for capital utilized (- 7. 3%). Increasingly itemized data on Granada and current exchanging and prospects can be found in the reference section. Both of these two organizations have made enormous misfortunes as of late, yet Carlton has experienced the bigger misfortunes, Carltons overal deficit was I 156 million contrasted with lost I 132 million for Granada. Carlton additionally has a much lower return on capital utilized, in spite of the fact that the two of them have a negative ROCE, Carltons is far lower than Granadas. Both of these organizations have been losing cash, and this gives them a motivator to consolidate, and to endeavor to cut their misfortunes by profiting by economies of scale. Economies of scale Economies of scale are the reasons why the normal expense of creation may fall with an expanding level of yield. I accept that if Carlton and Granada combine they will make one bigger organization which will profit more from specific economies of scale. Carlton and Granada accept that however economies of scale they ought to have the option to spare I 35 million for every annum. * In the index, there is an article titled Advertisers caution on ITV merger, in this it is expressed by the head of communicate at Media Planning Group that the merger will give economies of scale, this is free, fair proof that the merger will give economies of scale. The most significant economies of scale as I would see it are: Financial economies of scale permit bigger organizations to acquire cash for development simpler and less expensive. On the off chance that Carlton and Granada consolidated they would make one a lot bigger business. This bigger business would along these lines profit by budgetary economies of scale, the consolidated organization would think that its a lot simpler to get or acquire cash for new pursuits of development plans. Administrative economies of scale happen when a business develops sufficiently enormous to designate experts to its supervisory crew. Both of these organizations are now huge enough to profit by this economy of scale, anyway they would profit by it significantly more if they somehow happened to consolidate. The blended business would be considerably more proficiently oversaw and would in this way set aside cash. This is one of the most significant economies of scale since it will imply that the blended gathering would have one consolidated and concentrated administrative group. Showcasing economies of scale happen when the expenses of promoting can be spread over a bigger yield. Both of these organizations produce TV and film content. If they somehow managed to consolidate their yield would be greater, hence they would profit more from this economy of scale, it is simpler to create new items, promoting rates would be lower, and mass circulation would cut down the expenses of conveyance. This is another significant economy of scale for these two organizations since the two of them have huge yields, and if they somehow managed to combine it would reduce numerous expenses and would assist them with producing new TV content less expensive and all the more adequately. The bigger business that Carlton and Granada would make by combining would profit by innovative work economies of scale. It would be a lot simpler to make new TV programs, and on the off chance that any of their endeavors ought to fizzle, at that point the bigger business would be progressively ready to adapt to the misfortune since it will have different ventures that will succeed, the dangers have been spread. A case of this is Carlton and Granadas as of late bombed joint endeavor ITV computerized. This endeavor was a disappointment which cost both of these organizations a great deal of cash. On the off chance that they were one organization, while managing this emergency they would have thought that it was simpler to adapt to in light of the fact that mutually they would have progressively other effective tasks running. Diseconomies of scale Diseconomies of scale are something contrary to economies of scale. Some of the time an expanded yield won't bring about lower expenses of creation per unit however greater expenses. Diseconomies for the most part happen when a business has become so huge that it is not, at this point very much oversaw. Diseconomies generally happen as a result of a breakdown of correspondence. In an enormous business it is frequently difficult for the laborers to discover who they should converse with about any issues they may experience. This will regularly bring about questions among the board and representatives and the workers may feel less roused to buckle down. I don't accept that if Carlton and Granada were to combine they would experience the ill effects of any of these diseconomies of scale. This is in such a case that anything the laborers will turn out to be nearer to the administration because of this merger on the grounds that the combined gathering ought to be all the more proficiently managed1**by better channels of interchanges between the two past organizations and decentralization which will carry choices closer to the individuals that they influence. Partners outside the organizations The primary partner bunch outside the two firms are the watchers at home. Watchers should profit by better TV programs. As per the article titled QA: ITV merger found in the reference section: The merger is proposed to let loose more cash to blast through the timetables since better projects get more watchers, which acquires more cash from sponsors. An official statement distributed by the sheets of Carlton and Granada says that: Viewers will profit by upgraded programming venture structured further to improve quality and decision. 1* Opinion is consistent on the way that the merger should bring better projects for watchers, which gives a positive externality, and a valid justification for the merger to proceed.

Ancient History Of Chinese Math Example

Ancient History Of Chinese Math Example Ancient History Of Chinese Math â€" Assignment Example > 10/03/08IntroductionThere are ancient drawings that indicate the knowledge of measurement and mathematics of ancient time which is based on the stars. Early attempts to quantify time have been found in various places in the world. For example, ochre rocks found in a cave in South Africa which date back to 70,000 B. C show some form of geometric patterns. Early counting has also been thought to have started with the women who kept the record of their biological functions. The knowledge of the Babylonian mathematics comes from clay tablets unearthed in 1850's. They were written in Cuneiform and the tablets were inscribed while the clay was still moist. Ancient Sumerian’s give us the evidence of written mathematics. The Sumerian's contributed greatly in building the ancient civilization in Mesopotamia. The purpose of the essay will be to explore the rise and development of ancient Chinese mathematics, its relations with the Egyptian, Greeks and the Islamic mathematics. In addition the essay will also focus on the benefit of ancient Chinese mathematics and why it was needed. The essay will have several subheadings or sections and it will also have a summary or conclusions of the whole argument at the end. Ancient Chinese MathematicsIn China mathematics emerged independently by 11th century B. C. Simple mathematics concepts which were inscribed in tortoise shells date back to the Shang Dynasty. The oldest surviving mathematical concepts and works is the I Ching. This influenced written literature to a larger extent during the reign of the Zhou Dynasty. The ancient Chinese mathematicians developed large negative numbers, a binary system, a decimal system geometry, calculus and decimals. Most scholars have held believe that ancient Chinese mathematics developed independently until the time when the nine chapters were completed. Various discoveries suggest that ancient Chinese mathematics predate the western mathematics. Pythagorean Theorem which is also called t he Pythagoras theorem is a good example of Chinese mathematics that predates the western mathematics. Controversy has ensued about the presence of such knowledge in China although evidence of Pythagorean science have been discovered in the oldest Classical Chinese texts called the King Wen sequence. This was a series of about sixty four binary figures which made a hexagram. Each comprised of 6 lines broken (yin) or unbroken (yang). This evidence show that the knowledge of Pythagoras theorem existed in ancient China. The ancient Chinese people were one of the most advanced mathematicians who created enormous numbers and mathematical computations. The evidence of the knowledge of Pascal triangle also existed in China long before the Pascal himself came up with the idea on the same. The focus was mostly on astronomy and making the calendar perfect and they were not so much concerned on establishing the proof. The oldest geometrical work in China came from the Mohist canon philosophy o f 330 B. C. This was compiled by the followers of Mozi in 470-390 B. C. This philosophy provided a wealth of information on mathematics and gave the atomic definition of a geometric point. It stated that a line is divided into several parts and that the line with no remaining parts can not be divided into other smaller parts. It also stated that the extreme end of the line was made up of a point. The Mo jing further explained that a point is the smallest unit and it can not be cut into halves since it is impossible to halve nothing. He also offered definitions of and comparison of parallels and lengths and explained that two lines of equal length always finish at the same place. The ancient Chinese geometrical mathematics also gave the fact that planes without the quality of thickness could not be piled up since they can not touch mutually. The Mo jing also gave several definitions of diameter, circumference, radius and volume. The nine chapters on mathematical Art is an ancient Ch inese mathematics book that is composed of generations of scholars in the 2nd and 1st centuries. The book laid down an approach to mathematics that centered on finding general methods of solving problems. The contents of the nine chapters include the following, Fang tian or the rectangular fields. In this chapter the work of finding the areas of various shapes and fields and manipulation of the vulgar fractions are found. The su mi chapter explains the pricing mode of different commodities and rice and millet were taken as the exchange commodities. Cui fen chapter explains the proportionality concepts. This includes the distribution of money and commodities at proportional rates. The Shao guang chapter describes extraction of cube roots and squares. The determination of volume of circles and sphere as well as the division by mixed numbers are also found in this chapter. The Shang gong chapter gave light into the determination of volumes of solids in various shapes. The Jun shu cha pter gives the light into solving problems on equitable taxation. The Ying bu zu chapter helped in solving linear problems. This chapter was later developed in the west and gave rise to the principle known as the rule of false position. The eighth chapter was the Fang cheng which provided an explanation into solving problems with several unknowns. This was later solved using similar principle in the west called the Gaussian elimination (Burton, 1997). The Gou gu chapter gave the principle of solving problem regarding base and altitude. The ancient mathematics in China was very important especially in construction. It was also used in astronomy field. The right angled triangles and the Pythagoras theorem were very important and prominent in Chinese writing. These were both in practical science and mathematical treatises. They grasped a lot of principles regarding the right-angled triangle and applied these principles to practical problems. In the later development of mathematics in China the Chinese performed calculations using very small bamboo counting rods. This led to the emergence and use of the rod numerals as well as a positioning system for writing numbers. The three main mathematicians were Zhen Luan in the 6th century, Li Chunfeng in the 7th century and Zhao Shang in the 3rd century. The original texts written by the three mathematicians were basic and had complex computations which were without any indications on how to solve problems. The Zhao bi used the knowledge of right angled triangles in order to explain the astronomy. His knowledge was also taken to offer the most ancient proof of Pythagoras theorem although this was refuted by many mathematicians. The Zhou bi astronomy followed the gai tian cosmology that stated that the heavens rotated above the earth since the earth is a flat plane. With this idea the sun’s height could be calculated using the gnomonic or the bi and its shadow. The idea of the shadow principle stated that for every 1 000 li located away from the shadow spot the eight chi gnomon shadow increased by one cun. Early illustration of similarity of two triangles was also done by the Chinese (Cooke, 1997).

Abortion - 1572 Words

Abortion Fact #1: Every abortion kills an innocent human being. Every new life begins at conception. This is an irrefutable fact of biology. It is true for animals and true for humans. When considered alongside the law of biogenesis – that every species reproduces after its own kind – we can draw only one conclusion in regard to abortion: every single abortion ends the life of an innocent human being. Fact #2: Every human being is a person. Personhood is properly defined by membership in the human species, not by stage of development within that species. A living beings designation to a species is determined not by the stage of development but by the sum total of its biological characteristics. Fact†¦show more content†¦Being personally against abortion but favoring anothers right to abortion is self-contradictory and morally baffling. Fact #10: If there is uncertainty about when human life begins, the benefit of the doubt should go to preserving life. It is a scientific fact that life begins at conception. However, if one personally has even a shred of uncertainty about when life begins, then they are still morally obligated to err on the side of life and NOT have an abortion. Why? Because to make a mistake about the exact time when life begins is to kill an innocent human being. Fact #11: Abortion is more dangerous than childbirth. Not only does every abortion kill an innocent human being in the womb; but abortion is also more dangerous to the mother than if she were to give birth to the child. The evidence overwhelmingly proves that the morbidity and mortality rates of legal abortion are several times higher than that for carrying a pregnancy to term. Fact #12: Prior to abortions legalization, 90% of abortions were done by doctors, not by coat hangers in back alleys. Some justify abortion on the claim that if it is outlawed, women will abort anyway and may die in the process. There are 3 problems with this hypothesis. First, it doesnt address the ethics of abortion. Second, laws against abortion would deter most women from having one. Third, there is no evidence that illegal abortions areShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion And Abortion2038 Words   |  9 PagesMostly seen as a religious issue, abortions are anything but that. Biology and science are the only deciding factors when it comes down to it. Science is the only thing that can prove whether an unborn child is living; no religion can do that. Through modern science and technology, it has been proven and well documented that human life does in fact begin at conception. The scientific evidence also contradicted the court ruling in the Roe v. Wade case, where it was stated that the Court could notRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion measures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers . At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produce

Exercise And Nutrition Go Hand - 1462 Words

â€Å"Your brain†¦weighs three pounds and has one hundred miles of blood vessels[,] contains more connections than there are stars in the Milky Way[,] is the fattest organ in the body[,] could be suffering this very minute without your having a clue,† wrote David Perlmutter (pg. 0). Exercise and nutrition go hand in hand, and you cannot have one without the other. While both exercise and nutrition may be different, they both come together to create and develop a healthy brain. The phrase â€Å"use is or lose it† is a concept that can be applied to the fact that the brain is a muscle and like every muscle in the body it must be used daily or it will gradually go away over time. In addition, the well-known saying that â€Å"you are what you eat† must be†¦show more content†¦Many studies and research have found that there is indeed a connection between being overweight and poor performance in one’s academics (Meeusen S47-S48). Current research a nd studies suggest that a child’s brain development and academic performance is affected by their physical conditioning (Meeusen S48). Meaning that the more physically active one is during their childhood, the better they might be at developing their brain and excelling at school. Nutrition also has the ability to affect one’s brain development. There have been many studies done concerning the benefits of breakfast and how skipping the most important meal of the day can have many consequences. Breakfast in essence, is considered the foundation meal for one’s brain, so it can learn, pay attention (especially in work or class), and also remember experiences (Arden 93). A study was done on children aged 8-11 to find out how breakfast influenced their complex mental functions (Meeusen S48). The children were to solve simple math problems after fasting over-night and again after they have skipped or consumed their breakfast (Meeusen S48). The results of the study fou nd that the children who ate their breakfast showed an increase in number of problems they got correct, while the children who continued not to eat breakfast did not (Meeusen S48) To

Crictical Examination of the Main Features Renaissance Humanism Free Essays

THE CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE RENAISANCE HUMANISM OUTLINE -BRIEF INTRODUCTION -RENAISANCE -HUMANISM -THE SIGNIF ICANT EVENTS IN THE RENAISANSE PERIOD -THE CHAMPIONS OF RENAISANCE HUMANISM -RENAISANCE HUMANISM AND THE REFORMATION -EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION BRIEF INTRODUCTION In the history of the world, many remarkable periods have been referred to most often due to perhaps great events that have led to a turn-around in the thoughts and general lives of the people. One of such periods is the renaissance humanism. The renaissance humanism is a term used to designate a period in history that is so spectacular and significant owing to its evolutionary of features. We will write a custom essay sample on Crictical Examination of the Main Features Renaissance Humanism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Renaissance here serves as an adjective to the word humanism; not any other type of humanism but the humanism of the renaissance period. This period falls from 14th to 16th century AD. The Church is and shall always be a society within a society. The relatedness between the church and the state or civil society has ever brought a kind of exchange in operations and thoughts. Thus, one of the causes of the renaissance humanism is not far from what happened and was happening in the church as at that time. Consequently, the effect of the renaissance period could be said to have been felt by he church in many ways and more especially as it went as far as forming a foundation for the â€Å"reformation† championed by such a personality like Martin Luther However , we shall explain in details what each of these terms mean, why they are called so , the key players or those that championed such an important period in history, the important features of renaissance humanism and it s evaluation and conclusion. In the course of this discourse, the approach shall be critical. WHAT IS RENAISSANCE? In the literary sense, it means â€Å"Rebirth†. The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary ( 7th edition) defined it as â€Å"the period in Europe during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries when people became in the ideas and culture of ancient Greece and Rome and used these influences in their art, literature etc†. The Encyclopedia Britannica explaining the Renaissance says it is; â€Å"literally â€Å"rebirth,† the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the Copernican for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the decline of the feudal system and the growth of commerce, and the invention or application of such potentially powerful innovations as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass, and gunpowder. To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation†. This period appears to have a sharp break from religious and medieval values. Great historians like Jules Michelet and Jacob Burckhardt say that it is the â€Å"rediscovery of the world and man† and if this is so, it is more on the areas of literature and art. It is also within this renaissance period that the industrial revolution and the French revolution took place. So, the intellectual ventures of this period never hung on the air nor did it end in an utopia idealism but it manifested in many facets of the government of many countries in Europe. The Catholic Church was not also left out in this trend or historical situation as we shall see later. WHAT IS HUMANISM? Humanism as the name suggests imply a movement that has a significant focus on man. It is an intellectual movement. In the medieval ages, the scholastics and many religious thinkers influenced the people and the world ideas but during the humanistic period, the thoughts came from secular men or men of letters. Great minds like Dante della Mirandola, Collucio Saluti and Lorenza Valla were the earliest champions. Its earliest manifestation could be traced to Italy before it spread to many parts of Europe. All these happened before the reformation and counter-reformation. In fact, humanism was one of the factors that gave rise to the reformation. In specific sense, the period of humanism was characterized by many things; the human nature was the centre and focus as the name rightly implies. It was full of syncretism as it tried to fuse philosophical and theological truths together. Humanism was really out to revive the human spirit and wisdom that appeared to be lost. Instead of the medieval emphasis on penance as the noblest human activity, the emphasis brought by humanism was on how man could be creative and have mastery over nature. THE SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THE RENAISANCE HUMANISM The renaissance humanism started around 14th to the 15th century AD. But it was preceded by an era known as the â€Å"proto-renaissance† in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. It was the era of arts championed by great artists like St. Francis with his radicalism. Art works and ornamental edifices prevalent in this era came from the Church. The popes made great marks in building classic churches as we could see in the Vatican city where we have the largest church in the world; the St. Peter’s Basilica. Thus, the world of arts in Europe could not be discussed without making reference to the popes. However, there was an upsurge of nude art works or nudity in their sculptures. This influence came from the Greek and pagan values but was never restricted in religious arts as such irrespective of their offensive meanings. This was because the Greek pagans had great reverence for the naked body. We could then say that what prepared the ground for the renaissance humanism was mainly from the church and the fruits of the renaissance period which led to the reformation fell back to the church also. Therefore, we could say that the renaissance humanism started when the literary world and the world of arts was so charged. At the same time the church was leading but her great strides were infiltrated or became mixed with pagan/ Greek values that were seemingly unacceptable. Thus, the European world saw the reason to question the church’s consistency in the religious matters and the absolute attribute of things to God or religion. THE CHAMPIONS OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISM The earliest humanists were Dante Della Mirandola, Lorenzo Valla and Coluccio Salutati. But after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, many scholars went to Italy to research and go acquainted with many books together with the knowledge of the Greek traditional arts. In the northern Europe we fin people like Desiderius Erasmus who came up with the praise of the folly (1509). This depicts the moral essence of humanism. He preferred heartfelt goodness to formalistic piety. We could also recall that the founder of the renaissance painting was Masaccio (1401-14280). Boccaccio (1313-1375 wrote the first sexual literature since the Late Latin writers. Nicholas Machiavelli (1469-1527) really mocked honesty and integrity in politics in his writings as it is farfetched. However, renaissance Humanism was not totally paganistic as perceived by many people as we see its religious relevance. We have the Christian humanists who began many schools. Around the 15th centuries, more than twenty fine new universities were established. St. Francis, who abandoned the traditional theological practices, went about in identifying with the poor and raising the beauty of nature inspired the works of many artists of his time as the paintings that reflect the beauty of nature became prevalent. Biblical studies boomed higher as Hebrew was now being studied. Cardinal Ximenes de Cisneros (1436-1517) published a multilingual Bible too and when Johann Gutenberg invented printing, copies of these literary works and arts were made available to more people. We shall not also hesitate to note that some scholars and thinkers fought against the structural and dogmatic stand of the Catholic Church. An example is John Wycliffe (1329-1384). He denied the real presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist and the necessity of the priesthood. Girolamo Savanarola (1452-1498) after making much converts through his powerful preaching destroyed it with hiss fanatic activities. RENAISANCE HUMANISM AND THE REFORMATION The reformation took place around the 16th century AD. Encyclopedia Britannica says; â€Å"It was a religious revolution that took place in the western world†. The champions are Martin Luther (1483-1546) as the chief and John Calvin (1509-1564). Martin Luther was a German priest (An Augustinian Friar) and highly intelligent scholar. He was so worried with the situation in the moral and spiritual situation of the church as the church mixed up so much with the imperial powers. She introduced the indulgence for the building of the Vatican City. Thus, the indulgence was being sold for material things. The immoral lives of the clergy and the political practices that went on in the church left the scrupulous mind of Luther more bothered. Thus, Luther resorted to writing the ninety five these. This document was against the papacy, the infallibility of the Church. He also upheld grace, faith and the belief in the scriptures as the sure means of obtaining salvation. This was in sure contrast to the church’s teachings about penance. John Calvin with his Calvinism gave the Protestants a doctrinal basis. He believed in the doctrine of predestination, thus, for him God cannot really forgive someone. One can only perceive that he has the grace by faith but may not really have it. The Renaissance humanism gave a plain background for the Reformation. We could say that the reformation is the climax of the humanism. What was left uncriticised directly was what Martin Luther boldly spoke against but though in an extreme manner. There have been arguments on whether the reformation could have taken place if Luther had not done what he did. But, one could observe that the ground was already ripe and charged for a serious reformation in the church as at the time of Martin Luther. EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION Renaissance humanism gave a good intellectual background for the reformation. The different unbecoming cases and situations that were coming from the church started making the people to loose confidence in the Divine origin of the church. Hence, the possibilities that lie in the human powers were sought during the renaissance humanism but in the reformation, it was sought in the religious angle but against the church directly. BIBLIOGRAPHY Norbert Brockman, SM et al, A history of the Catholic Church; Paulines publication Africa, 1991 Oxford Advanced Leaner’s Dictionary, 7th edition Schreck, A. , The Compact History of the Catholic Church, Bangalore: St. Pauls Press, 1987 Brockman, N. , and Pescantini, U. , A History of the Catholic Church, Akure: Don Bosco Centre, 1991 Nwachukwu, L. , The Journey of our Faith, Readings of some major events in the Life of the Catholic Church, vol. 1, Owerri: Skill Mark Media LTD, 2009 How to cite Crictical Examination of the Main Features Renaissance Humanism, Papers

Ontological and Wager Argument

There are many theories that try to prove the existence of God. Ontological argument stipulates that God exists because atheists contradict themselves in how they perceive the existence of God. Therefore, according to the argument, the existence of these contradictions gives a confirmation that God exists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ontological and Wager Argument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although many philosophers support the ontological argument, some philosophers have made serious criticisms on the existence of God. According to Anselm, since God is a supreme being who is believed to be above all creatures, it implies that any argument that concerns his existence requires a careful scrutiny from both atheists and non-atheists (Rauhut 176). While Anselm and Wager are major proponents of the ontological argument, Hume and Kant are some of the opponents of the ontological argument. Therefore, this ess ay analyzes the objections of Hume and Kant and assesses their differences with the objections presented by Pascal’s argument. According to Hume, there is a clear impression of the existence of animals such as dogs and cats as one can derive the concepts from practical impressions. He argues that, since there are no clear impressions on the existence of God, his existence can only be in our minds. Thus, Hume objects the ontological argument by saying that God only exists in our minds as blurry idea, which depicts God as the greatest being. In his assertion, David Hume concludes that â€Å"any existence claim seem to require matters of fact and can never be a mere analytic judgments† (Rauhut 179). Hence, it is not plausible for one to use analytic judgments in proving the existence of God. Comparatively, critics of Wager cite beliefs as the major shortcoming of the ontological argument. They argue that one cannot use beliefs to prove the existence of God. Moreover, in t heir argument they state that beliefs are not usually under the voluntary control of an individual, and thus lead to the complexity of many gods worshipped by many religions. Another philosopher, Kant notes that real existence is greater and more convincing than imaginative existence. Kant argues that if something exists in reality, it cannot be greater than the object that exists in understanding (Rauhut 180). Hence, he believes that for one to prove the existence of an object, it should be real.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, Kant objects the ontological argument because the argument is based on imaginative existence of God, which does not provide the reality concerning his existence. In comparison, critics of Wager’s arguments highlight that Wager uses beliefs and faith to prove that God exists. The critics claim that the use of belief is confusing because people are unable to control their beliefs, which consequently subjects them to many gods. Ontological argument is a controversial argument that supports the existence of God. The argument states that, since scholars and philosophers who oppose the concept regarding the existence of God contradict themselves, they prove that God exists. According to Hume and Kant, something must be real and visible for it to exist. For instance, Hume and Kant use visible and tangible objects in their arguments. Furthermore, Hume and Kant argue that the ontological argument is not practical because it only presents God as a supreme being who is invisible and only exist in one’s mind. Moreover, critics of Wager’s argument noted that ontological argument has its basis on beliefs. According to the critics, beliefs are not under one’s control, and thus cannot be used to prove that God really exists. Works Cited Rauhut, Nils. Ultimate Questions: Thinking about Philosophy. New York: Prentice Hal l, 2010. Print. This essay on Ontological and Wager Argument was written and submitted by user Coen Sweet to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Analytical Essay Sampe on the Novel #8220;1984#8221; by George Orwella

Analytical Essay Sampe on the Novel #8220;1984#8221; by George Orwella George Orwells classic novel 1984 is a perfect example of a futuristic totalitarian regime and a dystopia. Orwells tale expresses his vision of a government changing and becoming a totalitarian government. The government, in this story, is run by an unknown leader who goes by the title Big Brother. The concept of Big Brother is that someone is always watching, and people can never deceive the government. In Orwell’s idea of what may happen in the future, Big Brother monitors everything everyone does or even thinks. Orwell was born with the name Eric Arthur Blair, in 1903, in Bengal, India. His father was Richard Walmesley Blair. He worked in the Opium department of the Indian Civil Service as a minor customs official.(Biography) When Orwell was four, his family returned to England. They then settled in a village near London, Henley. Soon after their move his father returned to India. Orwell was sent to a private elementary school in Sussex when he was eight years old. His experiences there influenced his views on the English class system. After finishing school there he went to two private secondary schools using scholarships.(Biography) He went to Wellington for one term and Eton for four and a half years. Orwell later received training in Burma and became an Indian Imperial Police officer. He served there from 1922 to 1927. Orwell decided not to return to Burma while he was on leave in England. He had dreamed of becoming a writer ever since he was a child. He did not feel the Imperial Police was a suitable job for him.(Biography) He had also realized how imperialistic the Police unit was and rejected it. He resigned on January 1, 1928. The opening of the book explains the setting of London, which is now Oceania, in the year 1984. London is described, as having a strict government that Orwell felt could have existed in 1984 if people did not listen to his warnings.(I Texas) It also tells of how citizens are monitored everywhere they go. There are â€Å"telescreens† in each room which constantly show pictures of â€Å"Big Brother† speaking, but they are also videotaping everything that is going on. As you progress into the book you discover the main character, Winston Smith, begins to want to revolt against â€Å"Big Brother.† As these rebellious urges progress he begins a love affair, which in this time is illegal, with a girl named Julia.(I Texas) The novel has a classic tale of betrayal when Winston discovers that O’Brien, who he thought was a rebel like himself, was actually a chief inquisitor for the inner party of â€Å"Big Brother.† The book is ended when Winston is captured, tortured, and basically brainwashed. The punishments Winston goes through eventually make him realize that he loves â€Å"Big Brother.†(I Texas) There were many personifications, allegories, ironies, and symbolisms in 1984. Orwell’s character, Winston, was named after England’s great WWII leader Winston Churchill. An article Winston once wrote about freedom meaning that you could say that two and two makes four is used against him in the end. This shows some of the irony Orwell used in his writing. The story relates a great deal to what Hitler had been doing a few years before in Germany. The citizens are fed endless propaganda to ensure they will not go against the government.(I Texas) Orwell also was referring to NAZI Germany when he wrote about â€Å"Doublethink.† The theory behind â€Å"Doublethink† is the process that was used on Winston to make him believe two and two equal five. Orwell creates a symbolism between the separate states of 1984, and the separate countries during the time the book was written. He created Oceania to represent the United States, Urasia to represent Russia, and East asia to represent China.(I Texas) Another example of symbolism in this novel is the paperweight Winston buys in the old junk shop. It stands for the fragile relationship Winston shares with Julia. The coral in the inside of the paperweight represents Julia and Winston. In addition to the symbolisms, 1984 also includes some foreshadowing. The nursery rhymes do have a sentimental value to them, but they also create a foreshadowing of Julia and Winston’s betrayal to each other. Because they have been altered, the nursery rhymes do not always have the same meaning as they did before.(I Texas) For example, one of them ends with, â€Å"I sold you and you sold me.† The story of 1984 can also be related to the present day government of the United States. One can already see that in our schools the freedom of speech is limited. Because of school shootings, student threats are being taken more seriously. Some schools however do not take it as seriously as others. However, it was not until September eleventh that it really became noticeable. After the tragedy in New York and Washington D.C., many precautions have been taken to ensure further terrorists acts do not happen again. Since the attacks, freedoms have been lessened. Phone conversations can now be recorded without permission, and one can be taken in for questioning just for something discussed on the phone. These are similar to the rights that are taken away while students are at school, but it is on a much larger scale. Security has been greatly increased in all forms of travel. This may not necessarily be a bad thing but it is time consuming. When traveling now on planes, all bags must be checked. This means one must arrive at the airport earlier to be sure to make the flight. It is understood that along with freedoms, come a certain amount of responsibilities. George Orwell’s 1984 was an extremely good book. It really makes one think about how horrible it would be to live in a totalitarian society. It makes one seriously wonder if the United States is slowly becoming more of a totalitarian government. George Orwell wrote 1984 in 1948.(I Texas) It has only been a little over 50 years. One should look at where our government has moved over the past 50 years. Just imagine where we will be in another 50 or 100 years. People should take into account that this could really happen and that it is a real threat. George Orwell’s novel of a futuristic totalitarian regime and dystopia is a classic tale that acts as a warning to all governments, to guard against becoming more like â€Å"Big Brother.† It emphasizes many important symbolisms and allegories to ensure that something as horrific as NAZI Germany does not happen again. The United States has changed significantly since September 11, 2001. Would it be possible for 1984 to become a reality in the United States? You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on 1984 from our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers on any topics.

Common Classroom Etiquette and Rules for Students

Common Classroom Etiquette and Rules for Students There are a few standard rules that every student should observe at all times when it comes to behavior in the classroom. Respect Others You are sharing your classroom with several other people who are just as important as you. Dont try to make others feel embarrassed. Dont make fun of others, or roll your eyes, or make faces when they are speaking. Be Polite If you must sneeze or cough, dont do it on another student. Turn away and use a tissue. Say excuse me. If someone is brave enough to ask a question, dont laugh or make fun of them. Say thank you when someone else does something nice. Use appropriate language. Keep Supplies Stocked Keep tissues and other supplies in your desk so youll have one when you need it! Dont become a constant borrower. When you see your eraser or your pencil supply shrinking, ask your parents to restock. Be Organized Messy workspaces can become distractions. Try to clean your own space often, so your clutter doesnt interfere with the classroom workflow. Make sure you have a space for storing supplies that must be replenished. This way, you will know when your supplies are running low, and you wont have to borrow. Be Prepared Maintain a homework checklist and bring your finished homework and projects to class with you on the due date. Be on Time Arriving late to class is bad for you and it is bad for other students. When you walk in late, you interrupt the work that has begun. Learn to be punctual. You also risk the possibility of getting on the teachers nerves. This is never good. While the Teacher is Talking Look at the teacher to make eye contact, unless youre writing notes.Dont whisper.Dont pass notes.Dont throw things.Dont laugh.Dont make funny faces to make other people laugh. When You Have a Question Wait for your turn to ask a question. If someone else is speaking, simply wait with your hand raised (or whatever process your teacher requires).Dont say me, next or oh when youre waiting with your hand raised. You will be noticed. When Working Quietly in Class Dont hum or fidget to distract other students.Keep your hands and feet to yourself.Dont brag if you finish first.Dont make rude comments about another students work or habits. When Working in Small Groups Respect the work and the words of your group members. If you dont like an idea, be polite. Never say thats dumb, or anything that would embarrass a classmate. If you really dont like an idea, you can explain why without being rude. Speak to fellow group members in a low voice. Dont speak loud enough for other groups to hear. During Student Presentations Dont try to distract the speaker.Keep your eyes on the speaker.Dont make rude comments.Try to think of a question if the speaker invites the class to ask. During Tests Remain quiet until everyone is finished.Dont get up and walk around unless its absolutely necessary. Everybody likes to have fun, but there is a time and a place for fun. Dont try to have fun at the expense of others, and dont try to have fun at inappropriate times. The classroom can be fun, but not if your fun involves rudeness.

Elevating Brand Values Through Corporate Social Responsibility in Essay

Elevating Brand Values Through Corporate Social Responsibility in China A Study on Sporting Goods Companies - Essay Example On the other hand, advocators of CSR say that companies exhibiting social responsibilities can gain the trust of customers thereby increasing sales. In China, the CSR activities are conducted more for serving the interests of the government than the consumers and therefore companies mostly focus on ethical issues that are initiated by the government. This paper is based on a survey conducted on 200 Chinese consumers and also representatives from Nike and Adidas to assess their perception on CSR activities of their companies. The survey result showed that although majority of people are aware of CSR activities, almost 65 percent of the respondents’ purchase decisions are not affected by a company’s CSR activities. In contrast, the company respondents generally felt that although CSR activities are necessary for positive responses from customers, only 22 percent of them felt that CSR activities are responsible for their companies’ success. Corporate social responsibility is one of the main aspects that almost all the organizations in the world now focusing at. In its earlier stage, the performance of any organization was always measured by its overall business volume, its awareness among the people across the globe and by its innovativeness. But in modern age, along with the business performance, corporate social responsibility also plays an important role in creating value for the organization in the society. Moreover, different organizations across the globe now use CSR strategies as one of their branding and promotional activities to reach out to more consumers across the globe. The Cone Communications/Echo Global CSR Study organized by The Cone Communications, 2013, carried out a clear fact about the test to enterprises in present world’s continuously challenging and ever changing market place, and that is: the challenge of creating a â€Å"real and meaningful impact†. In modern world the question is not about engaging in Corporate

Poverty and social violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Poverty and social violence - Essay Example Los Olvidados, The Young and the Damned; tackles the unethical behaviours that destroy the children who are linked to the future of tomorrow. The problem is aggravated by the poverty levels in the society; Bunnel captures the vices experienced in the big modern cities. Los Olvidados depicts Mexico at the doorsill of modernization where moral values of the Mexicans appear compromised. There appears use of vulgar language in the story where Eljaibo calls a young boy a ‘pansy’ for refusing to smoke. El Jiabo symbolizes the extent of evil in the modern Mexico; the society there appears that the Mexican society disregards respect for peoples’ opinion (Wilcox, 112). Peer pressure: The meeting between Pedro and ElJaibo appears a wrong decision for Pedro. Most of the times El Jaibo commits crimes; Pedro is usually his scapegoat. Pedro killed Julian; because, Julian, reported him to the police, who came and arrested him. Pedro hoarded the information from the police; this costs him a lot in the end. Pedro became an accomplice when he refused to talk it to authoritative people to clear the air. Pedro got a job at the blacksmith; El Jiabo heard of it and paid Pedro a visit where he stole from the blacksmith destroying Pedro’s new job and sent to prison. ... The issue of theft is dealt within the film; evident when El Jaibo organizes robbery against Don Camel, a blind man. The society foregoes the needs of the less fortunate and oppresses them further. El Jaibo proves wrong influence when he stole from Pedro’s boss; the result was nasty as Pedro lose his job and is taken to prison. While still in Prison, Pedro encountered El Jaibo, who steals the money he had been given to run the principal’s errands. This time Pedro feels that he had tolerated enough with El Jaibo and pursues him. El Jaibo ended up murdering Pedro and flees. These episodes emphasize the need to stay away from peer pressure. The issue of theft comes in from the character El Jaibo who steals everything he comes from everyone he meets including his friends (Wilcox, 134). The theme of death proves evident in the story when El Jaibo started by killing Julian. Pedro saw what happened and kept quiet thinking that he was being a friend. Later on in the scene El Ja ibo ends up killing Pedro. El Jaibo proves a tough criminal who ended up dying in the story (Wilcox, 187). Terror and loneliness: The author symbolizes this by referring to the satisfaction of a mother’s milk. Carmelo the blind man consumes goat milk with the hope that it cleanses the body. Meche, cleans her legs using milk with the hope that it rejuvenates her beat whilst big eyes sucks the teat of a cow when hungry. The characters display an element of desperation and the hunger of comfort from the nest available living thing which is the domestic animals in this case. Pedro tragically pleads for her mother’s love; the mother feels betrayed by Pedro’s lazy behavior of stealing. She wonders why she should love someone who humiliates her in the eyes of the society. Pedro’s actions prove

Immigration in the USA Essay -- American Dream, Political Asylum

The United States of America is the best place for immigration. The history proved that the United States was the dream land, the place of chances. That started when Europeans escaped form their countries because there were no jobs and no safe places to live. America became the best choice for people who were looking for political asylum, jobs, or freedom, but after a few generations something changed the Americans look to immigrants as strangers and they forgot where they are from because America is multicultural place and immigration movement should be understandable, but this is not the case. Governments should develop good laws for them. By giving rights to immigrants to stay in America, to protect them, and to allow people who deserve to come to America. Immigration to America began when Christopher Columbus discovered the new land now called the American continent. Immigration increased in the 17th century when people came from Europe, Africa, and Asia to the new land. There were many colonies, for example: British colonial, and Dutch. When people came they go to their people and find jobs as farmers. The first immigrants were in the east coast around 1607 to 1775 after the number of immigrants increased. In 1790 - 1850 there were few immigrants who came to America, but in 1850 to 1930 the number of immigrations increased (Dolan 4). Dolan P shows "Between 1850 and 1930, about 5 million Germans immigrated to the United States with a peak in the years between 1881 and 1885, when a million Germans left Germany and settled mostly in the Midwest. Between 1820 and 1930, 3.5 million British and 4.5 million Irish entered America. Before 1845 most Irish immigrants were Protestants. After 1845, Irish Catholics began arrivi... ...lifornia Press, 2010. Print. Wellman, Christopher, and Phillip Cole. Debating the Ethics of Immigration is There a Right ti Exclude?. New York : Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Knott , Kim, and Seà ¡n McLoughlin, eds. Diasporas Concepts, Intersections, Identities. New York : Zed Books, 2010. Print. Lee, Erika, and Judy Yung. Angel Island Immigrant Gateway to America. New York : Oxford University Press, 2012. Print. Cohen, Jeffrey H, and Sirkeci Ibrahim. Cultures of Migration the Global Nature of Contemporary Mobility. Austin Texas: University of Texas Press, 2011.Print Erika, Lee. "U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues." Journal of American Ethnic History. Vol. 20. Issue 2 (2001): n. page. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. Gomez, Alan. "White House immigration plan offers path to residency." USA TODAY 17 February 2013, n. pag. Web. 24 Apr. 2013.

Apple iPhones – Not “Made in America”

What is meant by the globalization of human capital? Is this inevitable as firms increase their global operations? The globalization of human capital refers to the fact that employees are now spread out across the world by their employers. This including, the companies, employed, unemployed, stockholders, consumers, contractors, supply chain, firms and economies. Companies branch out because labor costs are cheaper and productivity is faster.It is inevitable if firms increase their global operations because every country has something different to offer, something new, and without the current innovation being promoted to the market, the company will start to lose its edge on competition. How does this case illustrate the threats and opportunities facing global companies in developing their strategies? Cost and Human Capital is the most important consideration for Global Companies. When President Obama’s inquired about Apple brining the job back to US, it was practically not po ssible for Apple.The break down in the case study was that it cost a total of $179 to produce an IPhone and it retailed at $500 leaving a profit of $321. This would mean more profit for the global company. For Global company price and profit is the most important consideration to stay competitive. They can use the cheap labor in other countries to be price competitive This gave the perception that Apple did not care about its country. It also gives the perception of greed which a global company can face. 3. Comment on the Apple executive's assertion that the company's only obligation is making the best product possible.â€Å"We don't have an obligation to solve America's problems. † All though it is a harsh comment but I think it makes sense. Apple is a Global company with its offices around the world. It is in business to make money. It is not possible for Apple to solve America’s problem. Apple is just trying to be the best company out there in order to be on top wit h innovation and success. It is not Apple’s responsibility to solve America’s problems with employment; their responsibility is to form the best product. 4. Who are the stakeholders in this situation and what, if any, obligations do they have?There are two stakeholders in this situation and they are: the companies Apple and Foxconn as well as the Chinese government. Apple has obligations to their employees both domestic and global. They need to be mindful that a corporation is only as good as its products as well as, its image. They need to be mindful that since its headquarters are in the United States, it should do all that it can to maintain a positive image. It is also important to make sure that the products they sell are quality products while keeping the price as low as possible. Foxconn has a stake in its people and the products they export.The unfair and inhumane working conditions forced the government to step in. Foxconn also needs to be mindful of the issue s presented previously for Apple (the difference they are headquartered in China). The fact that labor violations were taking place, China’s government had an obligations to its people. They need to protect their citizens from hazardous work conditions and hold Foxconn accountable for their actions. 5. How much extra are you prepared to pay for an IPhone if assembled in the United States? Personally I feel that the IPhone is already over price as is. The fact that they make $321 of profit off each phone is ridiculous.If the phone is fully assembled in the United State I do not feel the price of the phone should increase at all. There are many products that are specifically made in America that cost the same amount as their global counterparts. Clothes are an example, all things being equal, a t-shirt made overseas cost relatively the same as a t-shirt made in the US. Why should an IPhone be any different? I feel that although the profit from each phone would be decreased, the y would sell the same amount of phones if not more. 6. How much extra are you prepared to pay for an IPhone assembled in China but under better labor conditions or pay?What kind of trade-off would you make? This also deals with the question previously asked. I have not changed my stance on IPhone; however, if they were to charge more to have it assembled in China, why couldn’t or wouldn’t they just produce it in America. It would not make sense if they had to increase cost to better working conditions in another country. I believe it would be cheaper to bring some of the laborers here to the US and open a plant here. 7. To what extent do you think the negative media coverage has affected Apple’s recent decision to ask the FLA to do an assessment and the subsequent decision by Foxconn to raise some salaries?What do you think will happen now? I believe that the negative media coverage has inspired Apple to be more cautious about their corporate image. Subsequently , it affected their way of thinking so that they had to ask for an FLA assessment. They could ill-afford to continue to be seen in a negative light and heartless. They already stated that â€Å"They don’t have an obligation to solve America’s problems, only to make the best product possible†, after the unfair working conditions and labor violations were discovered it only added to the idea that the company was greedy and didn’t care about their employees.Foxconn took pride in being one of the country’s most effective and efficient manufacturers. It could not allow the perception that they were running a â€Å"sweat shop† in which their employees were working 60 hours a week for little pay. The employee suicides did not help company’s image. They had to raise some salaries in order to save face in the public eye. Also, both companies had to show that although mistakes happened, once they were discovered they were fixed quickly. I belie ve now that the story is out they will have many follow up inspections to insure that both companies never come under scrutiny again.

Challenges Of Children With Hiv - 2994 Words

Challenges of Children with HIV Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is widely recognized as a biological and medical problem for individuals that have this illness, but the psychosocial aspects of this disease also creates serious issues for these individuals. The population of American children and adolescents living with HIV face a range of psychosocial challenges which stem from a combination of biological, socioeconomical, psychological, and cultural factors. For younger children, some challenges are related to the parent’s status as HIV-positive, along with other parental factors that can also contribute to chronic problems. While medication is available to treat HIV and the subsequent disease that it causes, autoimmune deficiency†¦show more content†¦However, HIV continues to impact youth between 13 to 24 disproportionately; around 39,000 people in this age group are living with HIV, and this age group constitutes some 21% of new cases, or around 3,000 per year (CDC, 2014). Unlike HIV inciden ce rates for the population as a whole, which have decreased over time, the incidence rates for youth over 13 have actually increased with time, in part because 60% of youth are not yet aware they are infected, as compared to 15% of adults with HIV (CDC, 2014). For any youth under 18, though, living with HIV involves a set of complex psychosocial challenges that can drastically impact treatment, health, and quality of life outcomes. The uniqueness and gravity of these issues, along with the size of the affected population, mean that the psychosocial aspects of HIV must be treated as critical considerations in disease management in this population. Parental Factors For infants and young children living with HIV, some of the most prominent psychosocial issues are related to parental factors, including factors in the medical, economic, and behavioral areas. The presence or absence of HIV infection in young children and infants born to a mother with HIV can have socioeconomic influences. Combination therapies involving antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy have been shown toShow MoreRelated The Cause and Effect of HIV in Africa Essay examples1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cause and Effect of HIV in Africa The ubiquitous acronym HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is a virus that gradually weakens the immune system until the body cannot fight off common infinitesimal infections such as pneumonia, diarrhea, the â€Å"flu†, and other illnesses. All of which can be part of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, the final stage of HIV that usually develops between 2 to 10 years after the infection. 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